/*
 * Copyright 2004-2014 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
 * and the EPL 1.0 (http://h2database.com/html/license.html).
 * Initial Developer: H2 Group
 *
 * According to a mail from Alan Tucker to Chris H Miller from IBM,
 * the algorithm is in the public domain:
 *
 * Date: 2010-07-15 15:57
 * Subject: Re: Applied Combinatorics Code
 *
 * Chris,
 * The combinatorics algorithms in my textbook are all not under patent
 * or copyright. They are as much in the public domain as the solution to any
 * common question in an undergraduate mathematics course, e.g., in my
 * combinatorics course, the solution to the problem of how many arrangements
 * there are of the letters in the word MATHEMATICS. I appreciate your due
 * diligence.
 * -Alan
 */
package org.h2.util;

import org.h2.message.DbException;

/**
 * A class to iterate over all permutations of an array.
 * The algorithm is from Applied Combinatorics, by Alan Tucker as implemented in
 * http://www.koders.com/java/fidD3445CD11B1DC687F6B8911075E7F01E23171553.aspx
 *
 * @param <T> the element type
 */
public class Permutations<T> {

    private final T[] in;
    private final T[] out;
    private final int n, m;
    private final int[] index;
    private boolean hasNext = true;

    private Permutations(T[] in, T[] out, int m) {
        this.n = in.length;
        this.m = m;
        if (n < m || m < 0) {
            DbException.throwInternalError("n < m or m < 0");
        }
        this.in = in;
        this.out = out;
        index = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            index[i] = i;
        }

        // The elements from m to n are always kept ascending right to left.
        // This keeps the dip in the interesting region.
        reverseAfter(m - 1);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new permutations object.
     *
     * @param <T> the type
     * @param in the source array
     * @param out the target array
     * @return the generated permutations object
     */
    public static <T> Permutations<T> create(T[] in, T[] out) {
        return new Permutations<>(in, out, in.length);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new permutations object.
     *
     * @param <T> the type
     * @param in the source array
     * @param out the target array
     * @param m the number of output elements to generate
     * @return the generated permutations object
     */
    public static <T> Permutations<T> create(T[] in, T[] out, int m) {
        return new Permutations<>(in, out, m);
    }

    /**
     * Move the index forward a notch. The algorithm first finds the rightmost
     * index that is less than its neighbor to the right. This is the dip point.
     * The algorithm next finds the least element to the right of the dip that
     * is greater than the dip. That element is switched with the dip. Finally,
     * the list of elements to the right of the dip is reversed.
     * For example, in a permutation of 5 items, the index may be {1, 2, 4, 3,
     * 0}. The dip is 2 the rightmost element less than its neighbor on its
     * right. The least element to the right of 2 that is greater than 2 is 3.
     * These elements are swapped, yielding {1, 3, 4, 2, 0}, and the list right
     * of the dip point is reversed, yielding {1, 3, 0, 2, 4}.
     */
    private void moveIndex() {
        // find the index of the first element that dips
        int i = rightmostDip();
        if (i < 0) {
            hasNext = false;
            return;
        }

        // find the least greater element to the right of the dip
        int leastToRightIndex = i + 1;
        for (int j = i + 2; j < n; j++) {
            if (index[j] < index[leastToRightIndex] && index[j] > index[i]) {
                leastToRightIndex = j;
            }
        }

        // switch dip element with least greater element to its right
        int t = index[i];
        index[i] = index[leastToRightIndex];
        index[leastToRightIndex] = t;

        if (m - 1 > i) {
            // reverse the elements to the right of the dip
            reverseAfter(i);

            // reverse the elements to the right of m - 1
            reverseAfter(m - 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the index of the first element from the right that is less
     * than its neighbor on the right.
     *
     * @return the index or -1 if non is found
     */
    private int rightmostDip() {
        for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (index[i] < index[i + 1]) {
                return i;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Reverse the elements to the right of the specified index.
     *
     * @param i the index
     */
    private void reverseAfter(int i) {
        int start = i + 1;
        int end = n - 1;
        while (start < end) {
            int t = index[start];
            index[start] = index[end];
            index[end] = t;
            start++;
            end--;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Go to the next lineup, and if available, fill the target array.
     *
     * @return if a new lineup is available
     */
    public boolean next() {
        if (!hasNext) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            out[i] = in[index[i]];
        }
        moveIndex();
        return true;
    }

}
