Documentation / cleanup

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/ClassObj.java

@@ -372,6 +372,11 @@ class Type {
         return asString();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get the C++ code.
+     *
+     * @return the C++ code
+     */
     public String asString() {
         StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
         for (int i = 0; i < arrayLevel; i++) {
@@ -392,10 +397,14 @@ class Type {
             }
         }
         for (int i = 0; i < arrayLevel; i++) {
-            buff.append(" >");
             if (refCount) {
                 buff.append(" >");
+            } else {
+                if (!classObj.isPrimitive) {
+                    buff.append("*");
+                }
             }
+            buff.append(" >");
         }
         if (!refCount) {
             if (isObject()) {
@@ -417,5 +426,26 @@ class Type {
         return false;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get the default value, for primitive types (0 usually).
+     *
+     * @param context the context
+     * @return the expression
+     */
+    public Expr getDefaultValue(JavaParser context) {
+        if (classObj.isPrimitive) {
+            LiteralExpr literal = new LiteralExpr(context, classObj.className);
+            literal.literal = "0";
+            CastExpr cast = new CastExpr();
+            cast.type = this;
+            cast.expr = literal;
+            cast.type = this;
+            return cast;
+        }
+        LiteralExpr literal = new LiteralExpr(context, classObj.className);
+        literal.literal = "null";
+        return literal;
+    }
+
 }
 

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/Expr.java

@@ -14,9 +14,15 @@ import java.util.Iterator;
  */
 public interface Expr {
 
+    /**
+     * Get the C++ code.
+     *
+     * @return the C++ code
+     */
     String asString();
+
     Type getType();
-    Expr cast(Type type);
+    void setType(Type type);
 
 }
 
@@ -34,13 +40,18 @@ abstract class ExprBase implements Expr {
  */
 class CallExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The parameters.
+     */
     final ArrayList<Expr> args = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+
     private final JavaParser context;
     private final String className;
     private final String name;
     private Expr expr;
     private ClassObj classObj;
     private MethodObj method;
+    private Type type;
 
     CallExpr(JavaParser context, Expr expr, String className, String name) {
         this.context = context;
@@ -93,7 +104,8 @@ class CallExpr extends ExprBase {
                 }
                 FieldObj f = paramIt.next();
                 i++;
-                buff.append(a.cast(f.type).asString());
+                a.setType(f.type);
+                buff.append(a.asString());
             }
             buff.append(")");
         }
@@ -105,8 +117,8 @@ class CallExpr extends ExprBase {
         return method.returnType;
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -116,20 +128,37 @@ class CallExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class AssignExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The target variable or field.
+     */
     Expr left;
+
+    /**
+     * The operation (=, +=,...).
+     */
     String op;
+
+    /**
+     * The expression.
+     */
     Expr right;
 
+    /**
+     * The type.
+     */
+    Type type;
+
     public String asString() {
-        return left.asString() + " " + op + " " + right.cast(left.getType()).asString();
+        right.setType(left.getType());
+        return left.asString() + " " + op + " " + right.asString();
     }
 
     public Type getType() {
         return left.getType();
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -139,8 +168,20 @@ class AssignExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class ConditionalExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The condition.
+     */
     Expr condition;
-    Expr ifTrue, ifFalse;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'true' expression.
+     */
+    Expr ifTrue;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'false' expression.
+     */
+    Expr ifFalse;
 
     public String asString() {
         return condition.asString() + " ? " + ifTrue.asString() + " : " + ifFalse.asString();
@@ -150,12 +191,9 @@ class ConditionalExpr extends ExprBase {
         return ifTrue.getType();
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        ConditionalExpr e2 = new ConditionalExpr();
-        e2.condition = condition;
-        e2.ifTrue = ifTrue.cast(type);
-        e2.ifFalse = ifFalse.cast(type);
-        return e2;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        ifTrue.setType(type);
+        ifFalse.setType(type);
     }
 
 }
@@ -165,7 +203,11 @@ class ConditionalExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class LiteralExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The literal expression.
+     */
     String literal;
+
     private final JavaParser context;
     private final String className;
     private Type type;
@@ -177,7 +219,11 @@ class LiteralExpr extends ExprBase {
 
     public String asString() {
         if ("null".equals(literal)) {
-            return type.asString() + "()";
+            Type t = getType();
+            if (t.isObject()) {
+                return "(" + getType().asString() + ") 0";
+            }
+            return t.asString() + "()";
         }
         return literal;
     }
@@ -190,12 +236,8 @@ class LiteralExpr extends ExprBase {
         return type;
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        if ("null".equals(literal)) {
-            // TODO should be immutable
-            this.type = type;
-        }
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -205,10 +247,23 @@ class LiteralExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class OpExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The left hand side.
+     */
     Expr left;
+
+    /**
+     * The operation.
+     */
     String op;
+
+    /**
+     * The right hand side.
+     */
     Expr right;
+
     private final JavaParser context;
+    private Type type;
 
     OpExpr(JavaParser context) {
         this.context = context;
@@ -227,7 +282,7 @@ class OpExpr extends ExprBase {
             if (left.getType().isObject() || right.getType().isObject()) {
                 // TODO convert primitive to to String, call toString
                 StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
-                if (JavaParser.REF_COUNT) {
+                if (type.refCount) {
                     buff.append("ptr<java_lang_StringBuilder>(new java_lang_StringBuilder(");
                 } else {
                     buff.append("(new java_lang_StringBuilder(");
@@ -288,8 +343,8 @@ class OpExpr extends ExprBase {
         return lt;
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -299,31 +354,55 @@ class OpExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class NewExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The class.
+     */
     ClassObj classObj;
-    ArrayList<Expr> arrayInitExpr = new ArrayList<Expr>();
-    ArrayList<Expr> args = new ArrayList<Expr>();
-    final JavaParser context;
 
-    NewExpr(JavaParser context) {
-        this.context = context;
-    }
+    /**
+     * The constructor parameters (for objects).
+     */
+    final ArrayList<Expr> args = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+
+    /**
+     * The array bounds (for arrays).
+     */
+    final ArrayList<Expr> arrayInitExpr = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+
+    /**
+     * The type.
+     */
+    Type type;
 
     public String asString() {
+        boolean refCount = type.refCount;
         StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
         if (arrayInitExpr.size() > 0) {
-            if (JavaParser.REF_COUNT) {
-                buff.append("ptr< array< " + classObj.toString() + " > >");
+            if (refCount) {
+                if (classObj.isPrimitive) {
+                    buff.append("ptr< array< " + classObj + " > >");
+                } else {
+                    buff.append("ptr< array< ptr< " + classObj + " > > >");
+                }
+            }
+            if (classObj.isPrimitive) {
+                buff.append("(new array< " + classObj + " >(1 ");
+            } else {
+                if (refCount) {
+                    buff.append("(new array< ptr< " + classObj + " > >(1 ");
+                } else {
+                    buff.append("(new array< " + classObj + "* >(1 ");
+                }
             }
-            buff.append("(new array< " + classObj + " >(1 ");
             for (Expr e : arrayInitExpr) {
                 buff.append("* ").append(e.asString());
             }
             buff.append("))");
         } else {
-            if (JavaParser.REF_COUNT) {
-                buff.append("ptr< " + classObj.toString() + " >");
+            if (refCount) {
+                buff.append("ptr< " + classObj + " >");
             }
-            buff.append("(new " + JavaParser.toC(classObj.toString()));
+            buff.append("(new " + classObj);
             buff.append("(");
             int i = 0;
             for (Expr a : args) {
@@ -344,8 +423,8 @@ class NewExpr extends ExprBase {
         return t;
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -438,8 +517,7 @@ class StringExpr extends ExprBase {
         return buff.toString();
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
     }
 
 }
@@ -449,9 +527,22 @@ class StringExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class VariableExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The variable name.
+     */
+    String name;
+
+    /**
+     * The base expression (the first element in a.b variables).
+     */
     Expr base;
+
+    /**
+     * The field.
+     */
     FieldObj field;
-    String name;
+
+    private Type type;
     private final JavaParser context;
 
     VariableExpr(JavaParser context) {
@@ -499,35 +590,8 @@ class VariableExpr extends ExprBase {
         return field.type;
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
-    }
-
-}
-
-/**
- * A array access expression.
- */
-class ArrayExpr extends ExprBase {
-
-    Expr expr;
-    ArrayList<Expr> indexes = new ArrayList<Expr>();
-
-    public String asString() {
-        StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
-        buff.append(expr.toString());
-        for (Expr e : indexes) {
-            buff.append('[').append(e.toString()).append(']');
-        }
-        return buff.toString();
-    }
-
-    public Type getType() {
-        return expr.getType();
-    }
-
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -537,8 +601,15 @@ class ArrayExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class ArrayInitExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The expression list.
+     */
+    final ArrayList<Expr> list = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+
+    /**
+     * The type.
+     */
     Type type;
-    ArrayList<Expr> list = new ArrayList<Expr>();
 
     public Type getType() {
         return type;
@@ -557,8 +628,8 @@ class ArrayInitExpr extends ExprBase {
         return buff.toString();
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -568,9 +639,16 @@ class ArrayInitExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class CastExpr extends ExprBase {
 
-    Type type;
+    /**
+     * The expression.
+     */
     Expr expr;
 
+    /**
+     * The cast type.
+     */
+    Type type;
+
     public Type getType() {
         return type;
     }
@@ -579,8 +657,8 @@ class CastExpr extends ExprBase {
         return "(" + type.asString() + ") " + expr.asString();
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }
@@ -590,9 +668,21 @@ class CastExpr extends ExprBase {
  */
 class ArrayAccessExpr extends ExprBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The base expression.
+     */
     Expr base;
+
+    /**
+     * The index.
+     */
     Expr index;
 
+    /**
+     * The type.
+     */
+    Type type;
+
     public Type getType() {
         Type t = new Type();
         t.classObj = base.getType().classObj;
@@ -604,8 +694,8 @@ class ArrayAccessExpr extends ExprBase {
         return base.asString() + "->at(" + index.asString() + ")";
     }
 
-    public Expr cast(Type type) {
-        return this;
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
     }
 
 }

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/JavaParser.java

@@ -22,7 +22,15 @@ import org.h2.util.New;
  */
 public class JavaParser {
 
-    public static final boolean REF_COUNT = true;
+    /**
+     * Whether ref-counting is used.
+     */
+    public static final boolean REF_COUNT = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether ref-counting is used for constants.
+     */
+    public static final boolean REF_COUNT_STATIC = false;
 
     private static final HashMap<String, ClassObj> BUILT_IN_CLASSES = New.hashMap();
 
@@ -245,6 +253,12 @@ public class JavaParser {
         return c;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get the class for a built-in type.
+     *
+     * @param type the type
+     * @return the class or null if not found
+     */
     static ClassObj getBuiltInClass(String type) {
         return BUILT_IN_CLASSES.get(type);
     }
@@ -386,6 +400,8 @@ public class JavaParser {
                             } else {
                                 field.value = readExpr();
                             }
+                        } else {
+                            field.value = field.type.getDefaultValue(this);
                         }
                         read(";");
                         if (isStatic) {
@@ -495,8 +511,8 @@ public class JavaParser {
             while (source.charAt(current.index) != '\n') {
                 current.index++;
             }
-            StatementNative stat = new StatementNative();
-            stat.code = source.substring(start, current.index).trim();
+            String s = source.substring(start, current.index).trim();
+            StatementNative stat = new StatementNative(s);
             read();
             return isC ? stat : null;
         } else if (readIf("/*")) {
@@ -505,8 +521,8 @@ public class JavaParser {
             while (source.charAt(current.index) != '*' || source.charAt(current.index + 1) != '/') {
                 current.index++;
             }
-            StatementNative stat = new StatementNative();
-            stat.code = source.substring(start, current.index).trim();
+            String s = source.substring(start, current.index).trim();
+            StatementNative stat = new StatementNative(s);
             current.index += 2;
             read();
             return isC ? stat : null;
@@ -554,16 +570,16 @@ public class JavaParser {
             read(";");
             return new ContinueStatement();
         } else if (readIf("switch")) {
-            SwitchStatement switchStat = new SwitchStatement();
+
             read("(");
-            switchStat.expr = readExpr();
+            SwitchStatement switchStat = new SwitchStatement(readExpr());
             read(")");
             read("{");
             while (true) {
                 if (readIf("default")) {
                     read(":");
                     StatementBlock block = new StatementBlock();
-                    switchStat.defaultBlock = block;
+                    switchStat.setDefaultBlock(block);
                     while (true) {
                         block.instructions.add(readStatement());
                         if (current.token.equals("case") || current.token.equals("default") || current.token.equals("}")) {
@@ -571,7 +587,7 @@ public class JavaParser {
                         }
                     }
                 } else if (readIf("case")) {
-                    switchStat.cases.add(readExpr());
+                    Expr expr = readExpr();
                     read(":");
                     StatementBlock block = new StatementBlock();
                     while (true) {
@@ -580,7 +596,7 @@ public class JavaParser {
                             break;
                         }
                     }
-                    switchStat.blocks.add(block);
+                    switchStat.addCase(expr, block);
                 } else if (readIf("}")) {
                     break;
                 }
@@ -654,8 +670,7 @@ public class JavaParser {
                         f.type = dec.type;
                         f.name = varName;
                         localVars.put(varName, f);
-                        dec.variables.add(varName);
-                        dec.values.add(value);
+                        dec.addVariable(varName, value);
                         if (readIf(";")) {
                             break;
                         }
@@ -666,8 +681,7 @@ public class JavaParser {
                 current = start;
                 // ExprStatement
             }
-            ExprStatement stat = new ExprStatement();
-            stat.expr = readExpr();
+            ExprStatement stat = new ExprStatement(readExpr());
             read(";");
             return stat;
         }
@@ -992,7 +1006,7 @@ public class JavaParser {
                 if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') {
                     // don't use Character.toUpperCase
                     // to avoid locale problems
-                    // (the uppercase of i isn't always I)
+                    // (the uppercase of 'i' is not always 'I')
                     buff.append((char) (ch + 'A' - 'a'));
                 } else if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') {
                     buff.append(ch);
@@ -1026,7 +1040,7 @@ public class JavaParser {
 
     private Expr readExpr5() {
         if (readIf("new")) {
-            NewExpr expr = new NewExpr(this);
+            NewExpr expr = new NewExpr();
             String typeName = readTypeOrIdentifier();
             expr.classObj = getClass(typeName);
             if (readIf("(")) {
@@ -1550,7 +1564,12 @@ public class JavaParser {
      */
     void writeHeader(PrintWriter out) {
         for (Statement s : nativeHeaders) {
-            out.println(s);
+            out.println(s.asString());
+        }
+        if (JavaParser.REF_COUNT_STATIC) {
+            out.println("#define STRING(s) STRING_REF(s)");
+        } else {
+            out.println("#define STRING(s) STRING_PTR(s)");
         }
         out.println();
         for (ClassObj c : classes.values()) {
@@ -1603,9 +1622,6 @@ public class JavaParser {
             for (FieldObj f : c.instanceFields.values()) {
                 out.print("    ");
                 out.print(f.type.asString() + " " + f.name);
-                if (f.value != null) {
-                    out.print(" = " + f.value);
-                }
                 out.println(";");
             }
             out.println("public:");
@@ -1640,7 +1656,7 @@ public class JavaParser {
         Collections.sort(constantNames);
         for (String c : constantNames) {
             String s = stringConstantToStringMap.get(c);
-            if (JavaParser.REF_COUNT) {
+            if (JavaParser.REF_COUNT_STATIC) {
                 out.println("ptr<java_lang_String> " + c + " = STRING(L\"" + s + "\");");
             } else {
                 out.println("java_lang_String* " + c + " = STRING(L\"" + s + "\");");
@@ -1655,9 +1671,9 @@ public class JavaParser {
      */
     void writeSource(PrintWriter out) {
         for (ClassObj c : classes.values()) {
-            out.println("/* " + c.className + ".cpp */");
+            out.println("/* " + c.className + " */");
             for (Statement s : c.nativeCode) {
-                out.println(s);
+                out.println(s.asString());
             }
             for (FieldObj f : c.staticFields.values()) {
                 StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
@@ -1694,10 +1710,16 @@ public class JavaParser {
                     }
                     out.println(") {");
                     if (m.isConstructor) {
-                        // TODO
+                        for (FieldObj f : c.instanceFields.values()) {
+                            out.print("    ");
+                            out.print("this->" + f.name);
+                            out.print(" = " + f.value.asString());
+                            out.println(";");
+                        }
                     }
                     if (m.block != null) {
-                        out.print(m.block.toString());
+                        m.block.setMethod(m);
+                        out.print(m.block.asString());
                     }
                     out.println("}");
                     out.println();

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/Statement.java

@@ -13,9 +13,15 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
  */
 public interface Statement {
 
+    void setMethod(MethodObj method);
     boolean isEnd();
 
-    // toString
+    /**
+     * Get the C++ code.
+     *
+     * @return the C++ code
+     */
+    String asString();
 
 }
 
@@ -35,16 +41,27 @@ abstract class StatementBase implements Statement {
  */
 class ReturnStatement extends StatementBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The return expression.
+     */
     Expr expr;
 
-    public String toString() {
+    private MethodObj method;
+
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        this.method = method;
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         if (expr == null) {
             return "return;";
         }
+        Type returnType = method.returnType;
+        expr.setType(returnType);
         if (!expr.getType().isObject()) {
             return "return " + expr.asString() + ";";
         }
-        if (JavaParser.REF_COUNT) {
+        if (returnType.refCount) {
             return "return " + expr.getType().asString() + "(" + expr.asString() + ");";
         }
         return "return " + expr.asString() + ";";
@@ -57,10 +74,21 @@ class ReturnStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class DoWhileStatement extends StatementBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The condition.
+     */
     Expr condition;
+
+    /**
+     * The execution block.
+     */
     Statement block;
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        block.setMethod(method);
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         return "do {\n" + block + "} while (" + condition.asString() + ");";
     }
 
@@ -71,7 +99,11 @@ class DoWhileStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class ContinueStatement extends StatementBase {
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        // ignore
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         return "continue;";
     }
 
@@ -82,7 +114,11 @@ class ContinueStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class BreakStatement extends StatementBase {
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        // ignore
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         return "break;";
     }
 
@@ -93,7 +129,11 @@ class BreakStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class EmptyStatement extends StatementBase {
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        // ignore
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         return ";";
     }
 
@@ -104,12 +144,23 @@ class EmptyStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class SwitchStatement extends StatementBase {
 
-    Expr expr;
-    StatementBlock defaultBlock;
-    ArrayList<Expr> cases = new ArrayList<Expr>();
-    ArrayList<StatementBlock> blocks = new  ArrayList<StatementBlock>();
+    private StatementBlock defaultBlock;
+    private final ArrayList<Expr> cases = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+    private final ArrayList<StatementBlock> blocks = new  ArrayList<StatementBlock>();
+    private final Expr expr;
+
+    public SwitchStatement(Expr expr) {
+        this.expr = expr;
+    }
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        defaultBlock.setMethod(method);
+        for (StatementBlock b : blocks) {
+            b.setMethod(method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
         buff.append("switch (").append(expr.asString()).append(") {\n");
         for (int i = 0; i < cases.size(); i++) {
@@ -124,6 +175,21 @@ class SwitchStatement extends StatementBase {
         return buff.toString();
     }
 
+    public void setDefaultBlock(StatementBlock block) {
+        this.defaultBlock = block;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a case.
+     *
+     * @param expr the case expression
+     * @param block the execution block
+     */
+    public void addCase(Expr expr, StatementBlock block) {
+        cases.add(expr);
+        blocks.add(block);
+    }
+
 }
 
 /**
@@ -131,9 +197,17 @@ class SwitchStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class ExprStatement extends StatementBase {
 
-    Expr expr;
+    private final Expr expr;
+
+    public ExprStatement(Expr expr) {
+        this.expr = expr;
+    }
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        // ignore
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         return expr.asString() + ";";
     }
 
@@ -144,10 +218,21 @@ class ExprStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class WhileStatement extends StatementBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The condition.
+     */
     Expr condition;
+
+    /**
+     * The execution block.
+     */
     Statement block;
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        block.setMethod(method);
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         String w = "while (" + condition.asString() + ")";
         String s = block.toString();
         return w + "\n" + s;
@@ -160,15 +245,33 @@ class WhileStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class IfStatement extends StatementBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The condition.
+     */
     Expr condition;
+
+    /**
+     * The execution block.
+     */
     Statement block;
+
+    /**
+     * The else block.
+     */
     Statement elseBlock;
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        block.setMethod(method);
+        if (elseBlock != null) {
+            elseBlock.setMethod(method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         String w = "if (" + condition.asString() + ") {\n";
-        String s = block.toString();
+        String s = block.asString();
         if (elseBlock != null) {
-            s += "} else {\n" + elseBlock.toString();
+            s += "} else {\n" + elseBlock.asString();
         }
         return w + s + "}";
     }
@@ -180,24 +283,59 @@ class IfStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class ForStatement extends StatementBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The init block.
+     */
     Statement init;
+
+    /**
+     * The condition.
+     */
     Expr condition;
+
+    /**
+     * The main loop block.
+     */
     Statement block;
+
+    /**
+     * The update list.
+     */
     ArrayList<Expr> updates = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+
+    /**
+     * The type of the iterable.
+     */
     Type iterableType;
+
+    /**
+     * The iterable variable name.
+     */
     String iterableVariable;
+
+    /**
+     * The iterable expression.
+     */
     Expr iterable;
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        block.setMethod(method);
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         StringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer();
         buff.append("for (");
         if (iterableType != null) {
             Type it = iterable.getType();
             if (it != null && it.arrayLevel > 0) {
                 String idx = "i_" + iterableVariable;
-                buff.append("int " + idx + " = 0; " + idx + " < " + iterable.asString() + "->length(); " + idx + "++");
+                buff.append("int " + idx + " = 0; " +
+                        idx + " < " + iterable.asString() + "->length(); " +
+                        idx + "++");
                 buff.append(") {\n");
-                buff.append(JavaParser.indent(iterableType + " " + iterableVariable + " = " + iterable.asString() + "->at("+ idx +");\n"));
+                buff.append(JavaParser.indent(iterableType +
+                        " " + iterableVariable + " = " +
+                        iterable.asString() + "->at("+ idx +");\n"));
                 buff.append(block.toString()).append("}");
             } else {
                 // TODO iterate over a collection
@@ -208,7 +346,7 @@ class ForStatement extends StatementBase {
                 buff.append(block.toString()).append("}");
             }
         } else {
-            buff.append(init.toString());
+            buff.append(init.asString());
             buff.append(" ").append(condition.asString()).append("; ");
             for (int i = 0; i < updates.size(); i++) {
                 if (i > 0) {
@@ -217,7 +355,7 @@ class ForStatement extends StatementBase {
                 buff.append(updates.get(i).asString());
             }
             buff.append(") {\n");
-            buff.append(block.toString()).append("}");
+            buff.append(block.asString()).append("}");
         }
         return buff.toString();
     }
@@ -229,15 +367,24 @@ class ForStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class StatementBlock extends StatementBase {
 
-    ArrayList<Statement> instructions = new ArrayList<Statement>();
+    /**
+     * The list of instructions.
+     */
+    final ArrayList<Statement> instructions = new ArrayList<Statement>();
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        for (Statement s : instructions) {
+            s.setMethod(method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
         for (Statement s : instructions) {
             if (s.isEnd()) {
                 break;
             }
-            buff.append(JavaParser.indent(s.toString()));
+            buff.append(JavaParser.indent(s.asString()));
         }
         return buff.toString();
     }
@@ -249,11 +396,19 @@ class StatementBlock extends StatementBase {
  */
 class VarDecStatement extends StatementBase {
 
+    /**
+     * The type.
+     */
     Type type;
-    ArrayList<String> variables = new ArrayList<String>();
-    ArrayList<Expr> values = new ArrayList<Expr>();
 
-    public String toString() {
+    private ArrayList<String> variables = new ArrayList<String>();
+    private ArrayList<Expr> values = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        // ignore
+    }
+
+    public String asString() {
         StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
         buff.append(type.asString()).append(' ');
         StringBuilder assign = new StringBuilder();
@@ -268,6 +423,7 @@ class VarDecStatement extends StatementBase {
                 if (!value.getType().isObject()) {
                     buff.append(" = ").append(value.asString());
                 } else {
+                    value.setType(type);
                     assign.append(varName).append(" = ").append(value.asString()).append(";\n");
                 }
             }
@@ -280,6 +436,17 @@ class VarDecStatement extends StatementBase {
         return buff.toString();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Add a variable.
+     *
+     * @param name the variable name
+     * @param value the init value
+     */
+    public void addVariable(String name, Expr value) {
+        variables.add(name);
+        values.add(value);
+    }
+
 }
 
 /**
@@ -287,9 +454,17 @@ class VarDecStatement extends StatementBase {
  */
 class StatementNative extends StatementBase {
 
-    String code;
+    private final String code;
+
+    StatementNative(String code) {
+        this.code = code;
+    }
+
+    public void setMethod(MethodObj method) {
+        // ignore
+    }
 
-    public String toString() {
+    public String asString() {
         return code;
     }
 

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/Test.java

@@ -30,11 +30,12 @@ public class Test extends TestBase {
         // chmod +x test
         // ./test
 
+        // TODO initialize fields
+
         // include files:
         // /usr/include/c++/4.2.1/tr1/stdio.h
         // /usr/include/stdio.h
-
-        // TODO initialize fields
+        // inttypes.h
 
         // not supported yet:
         // exceptions

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/TestApp.java

@@ -26,8 +26,33 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
      * @param args the command line arguments
      */
     public static void main(String... args) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-            System.out.println("Hello " + i);
+        String[] list = new String[1000];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+            list[i] = "Hello " + i;
+        }
+
+        // time:29244000 mac g++ -O3 without array bound checks
+        // time:30673000 mac java
+        // time:32449000 mac g++ -O3
+        // time:69692000 mac g++ -O3 ref counted
+        // time:1200000000 raspberry g++ -O3
+        // time:1720000000 raspberry g++ -O3 ref counted
+        // time:1980469000 raspberry java IcedTea6 1.8.13 Cacao VM
+        // time:12962645810 raspberry java IcedTea6 1.8.13 Zero VM
+        // java -XXaltjvm=cacao
+
+        for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
+            long t = System.nanoTime();
+            long h = 0;
+            for (int j = 0; j < 10000; j++) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+                    String s = list[i];
+                    h = (h * 7) ^ s.hashCode();
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("hash: " + h);
+            t = System.nanoTime() - t;
+            System.out.println("time:" + t);
         }
     }
 

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/io/PrintStream.java

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public class PrintStream {
      */
     public void println(String s) {
         // c: int x = s->chars->length();
-        // c: printf("%.*S\n", x, s->chars->getData());
+        // c: printf("%.*S\n", x, s->chars->getPointer());
     }
 
 }

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/lang/Integer.java

@@ -11,8 +11,14 @@ package org.h2.java.lang;
  */
 public class Integer {
 
+    /**
+     * The smallest possible value.
+     */
     public static final int MIN_VALUE = 1 << 31;
 
+    /**
+     * The largest possible value.
+     */
     public static final int MAX_VALUE = (int) ((1L << 31) - 1);
 
     /**
@@ -23,7 +29,7 @@ public class Integer {
      */
     public static String toString(int x) {
         // c: wchar_t ch[20];
-        // c: swprintf(ch, 20, L"%d", x);
+        // c: swprintf(ch, 20, L"%" PRId32, x);
         // c: return STRING(ch);
         // c: return;
         if (x == MIN_VALUE) {

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/lang/Long.java

@@ -12,8 +12,14 @@ package org.h2.java.lang;
  */
 public class Long {
 
+    /**
+     * The smallest possible value.
+     */
     public static final long MIN_VALUE = 1L << 63;
 
+    /**
+     * The largest possible value.
+     */
     public static final long MAX_VALUE = (1L << 63) - 1;
 
     /**
@@ -24,7 +30,7 @@ public class Long {
      */
     public static String toString(long x) {
         // c: wchar_t ch[30];
-        // c: swprintf(ch, 30, L"%ld", x);
+        // c: swprintf(ch, 30, L"%" PRId64, x);
         // c: return STRING(ch);
         // c: return;
         if (x == MIN_VALUE) {

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/lang/String.java

@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@ import org.h2.java.Local;
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
 #include <wchar.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
+#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
+#include <inttypes.h>
 
 #define jvoid void
 #define jboolean int8_t
@@ -31,9 +34,12 @@ import org.h2.java.Local;
 #define false 0
 #define null 0
 
-#define STRING(s) ptr<java_lang_String>(new java_lang_String(ptr< array<jchar> >(new array<jchar>(s, (jint) wcslen(s)))));
+#define STRING_REF(s) ptr<java_lang_String> \
+    (new java_lang_String(ptr< array<jchar> > \
+    (new array<jchar>(s, (jint) wcslen(s)))));
 
-// #define STRING(s) new java_lang_String(new array<jchar>(s, (jint) wcslen(s)));
+#define STRING_PTR(s) new java_lang_String \
+    (new array<jchar>(s, (jint) wcslen(s)));
 
 class RefBase {
 protected:
@@ -86,6 +92,9 @@ public:
     T& operator*() {
         return *pointer;
     }
+    T* getPointer() {
+        return pointer;
+    }
     T* operator->() {
         return pointer;
     }
@@ -112,7 +121,7 @@ public:
     ~array() {
         delete[] data;
     }
-    T* getData() {
+    T* getPointer() {
         return data;
     }
     jint length() {
@@ -180,15 +189,31 @@ public class String {
         return chars.length;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The toString method.
+     *
+     * @return the string
+     */
     public String toStringMethod() {
         return this;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get the java.lang.String.
+     *
+     * @return the string
+     */
     @Ignore
     public java.lang.String asString() {
         return new java.lang.String(chars);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Wrap a java.lang.String.
+     *
+     * @param x the string
+     * @return the object
+     */
     @Ignore
     public static String wrap(java.lang.String x) {
         return new String(x.toCharArray());

h2/src/tools/org/h2/java/lang/System.java

@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ public class System {
      */
     public static void arraycopy(char[] src, int srcPos, char[] dest, int destPos, int length) {
         /* c:
-        memmove(((jchar*)dest->getData()) + destPos,
-            ((jchar*)src->getData()) + srcPos, sizeof(jchar) * length);
+        memmove(((jchar*)dest->getPointer()) + destPos,
+            ((jchar*)src->getPointer()) + srcPos, sizeof(jchar) * length);
         */
         // c: return;
         java.lang.System.arraycopy(src, srcPos, dest, destPos, length);
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ public class System {
      */
     public static void arraycopy(byte[] src, int srcPos, byte[] dest, int destPos, int length) {
         /* c:
-        memmove(((jbyte*)dest->getData()) + destPos,
-            ((jbyte*)src->getData()) + srcPos, sizeof(jbyte) * length);
+        memmove(((jbyte*)dest->getPointer()) + destPos,
+            ((jbyte*)src->getPointer()) + srcPos, sizeof(jbyte) * length);
         */
         // c: return;
         java.lang.System.arraycopy(src, srcPos, dest, destPos, length);