Separate array and row value expressions

h2/src/docsrc/help/help.csv

@@ -2023,23 +2023,12 @@ ID=1 AND NAME='Hi'
 
 "Other Grammar","Array","
 ARRAY '[' [ expression, [,...] ] ']'
-    | ( [ expression, [ expression [,...] ] ] )
 ","
 An array of values.
-
-The array can be declared with standard ARRAY[] syntax or with H2 syntax.
-
-With standard syntax trailing comma is not allowed.
-
-With H2 syntax an empty array is '()'. Trailing comma is ignored.
-An array with one element must contain a trailing comma to be parsed as an array.
 ","
 ARRAY[1, 2]
 ARRAY[1]
 ARRAY[]
-(1, 2)
-(1, )
-()
 "
 
 "Other Grammar","Boolean","
@@ -2520,6 +2509,16 @@ LZF is faster but uses more space.
 COMPRESSION LZF
 "
 
+"Other Grammar","Row value expression","
+ROW (expression, [,...])
+    | ( [ expression, expression [,...] ] )
+","
+A row value expression.
+","
+ROW (1)
+(1, 2)
+"
+
 "Other Grammar","Select Expression","
 wildcardExpression | expression [ [ AS ] columnAlias ]
 ","

h2/src/docsrc/html/advanced.html

@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ unless they are quoted (surrounded with double quotes). The list is currently:
 ALL, CHECK, CONSTRAINT, CROSS, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, DISTINCT, EXCEPT,
 EXISTS, FALSE, FETCH, FOR, FOREIGN, FROM, FULL, GROUP, HAVING, INNER, INTERSECT, INTERSECTS,
 IS, JOIN, LIKE, LIMIT, LOCALTIME, LOCALTIMESTAMP, MINUS, NATURAL, NOT, NULL, OFFSET, ON, ORDER,
-PRIMARY, ROWNUM, SELECT, SYSDATE, SYSTIME, SYSTIMESTAMP, TODAY, TOP, TRUE, UNION, UNIQUE, WHERE,
+PRIMARY, ROW, ROWNUM, SELECT, SYSDATE, SYSTIME, SYSTIMESTAMP, TODAY, TOP, TRUE, UNION, UNIQUE, WHERE,
 WINDOW, WITH
 </code>
 </p><p>

h2/src/main/org/h2/command/Parser.java

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.OFFSET;
 import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.ON;
 import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.ORDER;
 import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.PRIMARY;
+import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.ROW;
 import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.ROWNUM;
 import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.SELECT;
 import static org.h2.util.ParserUtil.TRUE;
@@ -482,6 +483,8 @@ public class Parser {
             "ORDER",
             // PRIMARY
             "PRIMARY",
+            // ROW
+            "ROW",
             // ROWNUM
             "ROWNUM",
             // SELECT
@@ -2400,7 +2403,7 @@ public class Parser {
             if (readIf(OFFSET)) {
                 hasOffsetOrFetch = true;
                 command.setOffset(readExpression().optimize(session));
-                if (!readIf("ROW")) {
+                if (!readIf(ROW)) {
                     readIf("ROWS");
                 }
             }
@@ -2409,7 +2412,7 @@ public class Parser {
                 if (!readIf("FIRST")) {
                     read("NEXT");
                 }
-                if (readIf("ROW") || readIf("ROWS")) {
+                if (readIf(ROW) || readIf("ROWS")) {
                     command.setLimit(ValueExpression.get(ValueInt.get(1)));
                 } else {
                     Expression limit = readExpression().optimize(session);
@@ -2417,7 +2420,7 @@ public class Parser {
                     if (readIf("PERCENT")) {
                         command.setFetchPercent(true);
                     }
-                    if (!readIf("ROW")) {
+                    if (!readIf(ROW)) {
                         read("ROWS");
                     }
                 }
@@ -3198,7 +3201,7 @@ public class Parser {
         WindowFrameExclusion exclusion = WindowFrameExclusion.EXCLUDE_NO_OTHERS;
         if (readIf("EXCLUDE")) {
             if (readIf("CURRENT")) {
-                read("ROW");
+                read(ROW);
                 exclusion = WindowFrameExclusion.EXCLUDE_CURRENT_ROW;
             } else if (readIf(GROUP)) {
                 exclusion = WindowFrameExclusion.EXCLUDE_GROUP;
@@ -3222,7 +3225,7 @@ public class Parser {
             return new WindowFrameBound(WindowFrameBoundType.UNBOUNDED_PRECEDING, null);
         }
         if (readIf("CURRENT")) {
-            read("ROW");
+            read(ROW);
             return new WindowFrameBound(WindowFrameBoundType.CURRENT_ROW, null);
         }
         Expression value = readValueOrParameter();
@@ -3239,7 +3242,7 @@ public class Parser {
             return new WindowFrameBound(WindowFrameBoundType.UNBOUNDED_FOLLOWING, null);
         }
         if (readIf("CURRENT")) {
-            read("ROW");
+            read(ROW);
             return new WindowFrameBound(WindowFrameBoundType.CURRENT_ROW, null);
         }
         Expression value = readValueOrParameter();
@@ -3790,7 +3793,7 @@ public class Parser {
         case OPEN_PAREN:
             read();
             if (readIf(CLOSE_PAREN)) {
-                r = new ExpressionList(new Expression[0]);
+                r = new ExpressionList(new Expression[0], false);
             } else {
                 r = readExpression();
                 if (readIfMore(true)) {
@@ -3801,10 +3804,24 @@ public class Parser {
                             list.add(readExpression());
                         } while (readIfMore(false));
                     }
-                    r = new ExpressionList(list.toArray(new Expression[0]));
+                    r = new ExpressionList(list.toArray(new Expression[0]), false);
                 }
             }
             break;
+        case ROW: {
+            read();
+            read(OPEN_PAREN);
+            if (readIf(CLOSE_PAREN)) {
+                r = new ExpressionList(new Expression[0], false);
+            } else {
+                ArrayList<Expression> list = Utils.newSmallArrayList();
+                do {
+                    list.add(readExpression());
+                } while (readIfMore(true));
+                r = new ExpressionList(list.toArray(new Expression[0]), false);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
         case TRUE:
             read();
             r = ValueExpression.get(ValueBoolean.TRUE);
@@ -3909,7 +3926,7 @@ public class Parser {
                     }
                     read(CLOSE_BRACKET);
                 }
-                return new ExpressionList(list.toArray(new Expression[0]));
+                return new ExpressionList(list.toArray(new Expression[0]), true);
             }
             break;
         case 'C':
@@ -5790,7 +5807,7 @@ public class Parser {
             for (int j = 0; j < rowCount; j++) {
                 array[j] = rows.get(j).get(i);
             }
-            ExpressionList list = new ExpressionList(array);
+            ExpressionList list = new ExpressionList(array, false);
             tf.setParameter(i, list);
         }
         tf.setColumns(columns);
@@ -5964,7 +5981,7 @@ public class Parser {
         command.setTableName(tableName);
         if (readIf(FOR)) {
             read("EACH");
-            read("ROW");
+            read(ROW);
             command.setRowBased(true);
         } else {
             command.setRowBased(false);

h2/src/main/org/h2/expression/ExpressionList.java

@@ -11,17 +11,20 @@ import org.h2.table.ColumnResolver;
 import org.h2.table.TableFilter;
 import org.h2.value.Value;
 import org.h2.value.ValueArray;
+import org.h2.value.ValueRow;
 
 /**
  * A list of expressions, as in (ID, NAME).
- * The result of this expression is an array.
+ * The result of this expression is a row or an array.
  */
 public class ExpressionList extends Expression {
 
     private final Expression[] list;
+    private final boolean isArray;
 
-    public ExpressionList(Expression[] list) {
+    public ExpressionList(Expression[] list, boolean isArray) {
         this.list = list;
+        this.isArray = isArray;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -30,12 +33,12 @@ public class ExpressionList extends Expression {
         for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
             v[i] = list[i].getValue(session);
         }
-        return ValueArray.get(v);
+        return isArray ? ValueArray.get(v) : ValueRow.get(v);
     }
 
     @Override
     public int getType() {
-        return Value.ARRAY;
+        return isArray ? Value.ARRAY : Value.ROW;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -85,12 +88,9 @@ public class ExpressionList extends Expression {
 
     @Override
     public StringBuilder getSQL(StringBuilder builder) {
-        builder.append('(');
+        builder.append(isArray ? "ARRAY [" : "ROW (");
         writeExpressions(builder, list);
-        if (list.length == 1) {
-            builder.append(',');
-        }
-        return builder.append(')');
+        return builder.append(isArray ? ']' : ')');
     }
 
     @Override

h2/src/main/org/h2/expression/Subquery.java

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ import org.h2.result.ResultInterface;
 import org.h2.table.ColumnResolver;
 import org.h2.table.TableFilter;
 import org.h2.value.Value;
-import org.h2.value.ValueArray;
 import org.h2.value.ValueNull;
+import org.h2.value.ValueRow;
 
 /**
  * A query returning a single value.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public class Subquery extends Expression {
                 if (result.getVisibleColumnCount() == 1) {
                     v = values[0];
                 } else {
-                    v = ValueArray.get(values);
+                    v = ValueRow.get(values);
                 }
                 if (result.hasNext()) {
                     throw DbException.get(ErrorCode.SCALAR_SUBQUERY_CONTAINS_MORE_THAN_ONE_ROW);
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public class Subquery extends Expression {
                 for (int i = 0; i < columnCount; i++) {
                     list[i] = expressions.get(i);
                 }
-                expression = new ExpressionList(list);
+                expression = new ExpressionList(list, false);
             }
         }
         return expression;

h2/src/main/org/h2/expression/condition/Comparison.java

@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ public class Comparison extends Condition {
         left = left.optimize(session);
         if (right != null) {
             right = right.optimize(session);
+            // TODO check row values too
             if (right.getType() == Value.ARRAY && left.getType() != Value.ARRAY) {
                 throw DbException.get(ErrorCode.COMPARING_ARRAY_TO_SCALAR);
             }

h2/src/main/org/h2/expression/function/Function.java

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ import org.h2.value.ValueInt;
 import org.h2.value.ValueLong;
 import org.h2.value.ValueNull;
 import org.h2.value.ValueResultSet;
+import org.h2.value.ValueRow;
 import org.h2.value.ValueString;
 import org.h2.value.ValueTime;
 import org.h2.value.ValueTimestamp;
@@ -1038,10 +1039,10 @@ public class Function extends Expression implements FunctionCall {
             break;
         }
         case ARRAY_GET: {
-            if (v0.getType() == Value.ARRAY) {
+            Value[] list = getArray(v0);
+            if (list != null) {
                 Value v1 = getNullOrValue(session, args, values, 1);
                 int element = v1.getInt();
-                Value[] list = ((ValueArray) v0).getList();
                 if (element < 1 || element > list.length) {
                     result = ValueNull.INSTANCE;
                 } else {
@@ -1053,8 +1054,8 @@ public class Function extends Expression implements FunctionCall {
             break;
         }
         case ARRAY_LENGTH: {
-            if (v0.getType() == Value.ARRAY) {
-                Value[] list = ((ValueArray) v0).getList();
+            Value[] list = getArray(v0);
+            if (list != null) {
                 result = ValueInt.get(list.length);
             } else {
                 result = ValueNull.INSTANCE;
@@ -1063,9 +1064,9 @@ public class Function extends Expression implements FunctionCall {
         }
         case ARRAY_CONTAINS: {
             result = ValueBoolean.FALSE;
-            if (v0.getType() == Value.ARRAY) {
+            Value[] list = getArray(v0);
+            if (list != null) {
                 Value v1 = getNullOrValue(session, args, values, 1);
-                Value[] list = ((ValueArray) v0).getList();
                 for (Value v : list) {
                     if (database.areEqual(v, v1)) {
                         result = ValueBoolean.TRUE;
@@ -1091,6 +1092,19 @@ public class Function extends Expression implements FunctionCall {
         return result;
     }
 
+    private Value[] getArray(Value v0) {
+        int t = v0.getType();
+        Value[] list;
+        if (t == Value.ARRAY) {
+            list = ((ValueArray) v0).getList();
+        } else if (t == Value.ROW) {
+            list = ((ValueRow) v0).getList();
+        } else {
+            list = null;
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
     private static boolean cancelStatement(Session session, int targetSessionId) {
         session.getUser().checkAdmin();
         Session[] sessions = session.getDatabase().getSessions(false);

h2/src/main/org/h2/jdbc/JdbcDatabaseMetaData.java

@@ -1550,7 +1550,7 @@ public class JdbcDatabaseMetaData extends TraceObject implements
      * ALL, CHECK, CONSTRAINT, CROSS, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
      * DISTINCT, EXCEPT, EXISTS, FALSE, FETCH, FOR, FOREIGN, FROM, FULL, GROUP,
      * HAVING, INNER, INTERSECT, INTERSECTS, IS, JOIN, LIKE, LIMIT, LOCALTIME,
-     * LOCALTIMESTAMP, MINUS, NATURAL, NOT, NULL, OFFSET, ON, ORDER, PRIMARY, ROWNUM,
+     * LOCALTIMESTAMP, MINUS, NATURAL, NOT, NULL, OFFSET, ON, ORDER, PRIMARY, ROW, ROWNUM,
      * SELECT, SYSDATE, SYSTIME, SYSTIMESTAMP, TODAY, TOP, TRUE, UNION, UNIQUE, WHERE,
      * WINDOW, WITH
      * </pre>

h2/src/main/org/h2/util/ParserUtil.java

@@ -187,10 +187,15 @@ public class ParserUtil {
      */
     public static final int PRIMARY = ORDER + 1;
 
+    /**
+     * The token "ROW".
+     */
+    public static final int ROW = PRIMARY + 1;
+
     /**
      * The token "ROWNUM".
      */
-    public static final int ROWNUM = PRIMARY + 1;
+    public static final int ROWNUM = ROW + 1;
 
     /**
      * The token "SELECT".
@@ -425,7 +430,9 @@ public class ParserUtil {
             }
             return IDENTIFIER;
         case 'R':
-            if (eq("ROWNUM", s, ignoreCase, start, end)) {
+            if (eq("ROW", s, ignoreCase, start, end)) {
+                return ROW;
+            } else if (eq("ROWNUM", s, ignoreCase, start, end)) {
                 return ROWNUM;
             }
             return IDENTIFIER;

h2/src/main/org/h2/value/DataType.java

@@ -773,6 +773,19 @@ public class DataType {
                     ValueInt.get(value);
                 break;
             }
+            case Value.ROW: {
+                Object[] list = (Object[]) rs.getObject(columnIndex);
+                if (list == null) {
+                    return ValueNull.INSTANCE;
+                }
+                int len = list.length;
+                Value[] values = new Value[len];
+                for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                    values[i] = DataType.convertToValue(session, list[i], Value.NULL);
+                }
+                v = ValueRow.get(values);
+                break;
+            }
             case Value.RESULT_SET: {
                 ResultSet x = (ResultSet) rs.getObject(columnIndex);
                 if (x == null) {

h2/src/main/org/h2/value/Transfer.java

@@ -471,6 +471,16 @@ public class Transfer {
             }
             break;
         }
+        case Value.ROW: {
+            ValueRow va = (ValueRow) v;
+            Value[] list = va.getList();
+            int len = list.length;
+            writeInt(len);
+            for (Value value : list) {
+                writeValue(value);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
         case Value.ENUM: {
             writeInt(v.getInt());
             writeString(v.getString());
@@ -682,6 +692,14 @@ public class Transfer {
             }
             return ValueArray.get(componentType, list);
         }
+        case Value.ROW: {
+            int len = readInt();
+            Value[] list = new Value[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                list[i] = readValue();
+            }
+            return ValueRow.get(list);
+        }
         case Value.RESULT_SET: {
             SimpleResult rs = new SimpleResult();
             int columns = readInt();

h2/src/main/org/h2/value/Value.java

@@ -241,10 +241,15 @@ public abstract class Value {
      */
     public static final int INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND = 38;
 
+    /**
+     * The value type for ROW values.
+     */
+    public static final int ROW = 39;
+
     /**
      * The number of value types.
      */
-    public static final int TYPE_COUNT = INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND + 1;
+    public static final int TYPE_COUNT = ROW + 1;
 
     private static SoftReference<Value[]> softCache;
 
@@ -439,6 +444,8 @@ public abstract class Value {
             return 44_000;
         case ARRAY:
             return 50_000;
+        case ROW:
+            return 50_500;
         case RESULT_SET:
             return 51_000;
         case ENUM:
@@ -790,6 +797,8 @@ public abstract class Value {
                 return convertToIntervalDayTime(targetType);
             case ARRAY:
                 return convertToArray();
+            case ROW:
+                return convertToRow();
             case RESULT_SET:
                 return convertToResultSet();
             default:
@@ -1298,7 +1307,37 @@ public abstract class Value {
     }
 
     private ValueArray convertToArray() {
-        return ValueArray.get(new Value[] { ValueString.get(getString()) });
+        Value[] a;
+        switch (getType()) {
+        case ROW:
+            a = ((ValueRow) this).getList();
+            break;
+        case BLOB:
+        case CLOB:
+        case RESULT_SET:
+            a = new Value[] { ValueString.get(getString()) };
+            break;
+        default:
+            a = new Value[] { this };
+        }
+        return ValueArray.get(a);
+    }
+
+    private ValueRow convertToRow() {
+        Value[] a;
+        switch (getType()) {
+        case ARRAY:
+            a = ((ValueArray) this).getList();
+            break;
+        case BLOB:
+        case CLOB:
+        case RESULT_SET:
+            a = new Value[] { ValueString.get(getString()) };
+            break;
+        default:
+            a = new Value[] { this };
+        }
+        return ValueRow.get(a);
     }
 
     private ValueResultSet convertToResultSet() {

h2/src/main/org/h2/value/ValueArray.java

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import java.util.Arrays;
 import org.h2.engine.Constants;
 import org.h2.engine.SysProperties;
 import org.h2.util.MathUtils;
-import org.h2.util.StatementBuilder;
 
 /**
  * Implementation of the ARRAY data type.
@@ -103,12 +102,14 @@ public class ValueArray extends Value {
 
     @Override
     public String getString() {
-        StatementBuilder buff = new StatementBuilder("(");
-        for (Value v : values) {
-            buff.appendExceptFirst(", ");
-            buff.append(v.getString());
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder().append('[');
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                builder.append(", ");
+            }
+            builder.append(values[i].getString());
         }
-        return buff.append(')').toString();
+        return builder.append(']').toString();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ public class ValueArray extends Value {
 
     @Override
     public StringBuilder getSQL(StringBuilder builder) {
-        builder.append('(');
+        builder.append("ARRAY [");
         int length = values.length;
         for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
             if (i > 0) {
@@ -164,20 +165,20 @@ public class ValueArray extends Value {
             }
             values[i].getSQL(builder);
         }
-        if (length == 1) {
-            builder.append(',');
-        }
-        return builder.append(')');
+        return builder.append(']');
     }
 
     @Override
     public String getTraceSQL() {
-        StatementBuilder buff = new StatementBuilder("(");
-        for (Value v : values) {
-            buff.appendExceptFirst(", ");
-            buff.append(v == null ? "null" : v.getTraceSQL());
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("[");
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                builder.append(", ");
+            }
+            Value v = values[i];
+            builder.append(v == null ? "null" : v.getTraceSQL());
         }
-        return buff.append(')').toString();
+        return builder.append(']').toString();
     }
 
     @Override

h2/src/main/org/h2/value/ValueRow.java

+/*
+ * Copyright 2004-2018 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
+ * and the EPL 1.0 (http://h2database.com/html/license.html).
+ * Initial Developer: H2 Group
+ */
+package org.h2.value;
+
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.h2.api.ErrorCode;
+import org.h2.engine.Constants;
+import org.h2.engine.SysProperties;
+import org.h2.message.DbException;
+import org.h2.util.MathUtils;
+
+/**
+ * Row value.
+ */
+public class ValueRow extends Value {
+
+    /**
+     * Empty row.
+     */
+    private static final Object EMPTY = get(new Value[0]);
+
+    private final Value[] values;
+    private int hash;
+
+    private ValueRow(Value[] list) {
+        this.values = list;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get or create a row value for the given value array.
+     * Do not clone the data.
+     *
+     * @param list the value array
+     * @return the value
+     */
+    public static ValueRow get(Value[] list) {
+        return new ValueRow(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns empty row.
+     *
+     * @return empty row
+     */
+    public static ValueRow getEmpty() {
+        return (ValueRow) EMPTY;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        if (hash != 0) {
+            return hash;
+        }
+        int h = 1;
+        for (Value v : values) {
+            h = h * 31 + v.hashCode();
+        }
+        hash = h;
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    public Value[] getList() {
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return Value.ROW;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getPrecision() {
+        long p = 0;
+        for (Value v : values) {
+            p += v.getPrecision();
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getString() {
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("ROW (");
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                builder.append(", ");
+            }
+            builder.append(values[i].getString());
+        }
+        return builder.append(')').toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTypeSafe(Value o, CompareMode mode) {
+        ValueRow v = (ValueRow) o;
+        if (values == v.values) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int len = values.length;
+        if (len != v.values.length) {
+            throw DbException.get(ErrorCode.COLUMN_COUNT_DOES_NOT_MATCH);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            Value v1 = values[i];
+            Value v2 = v.values[i];
+            int comp = v1.compareTo(v2, /* TODO */ null, mode);
+            if (comp != 0) {
+                return comp;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getObject() {
+        int len = values.length;
+        Object[] list = new Object[len];
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            final Value value = values[i];
+            if (!SysProperties.OLD_RESULT_SET_GET_OBJECT) {
+                final int type = value.getType();
+                if (type == Value.BYTE || type == Value.SHORT) {
+                    list[i] = value.getInt();
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            list[i] = value.getObject();
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void set(PreparedStatement prep, int parameterIndex) throws SQLException {
+        throw getUnsupportedExceptionForOperation("PreparedStatement.set");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public StringBuilder getSQL(StringBuilder builder) {
+        builder.append("ROW (");
+        int length = values.length;
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                builder.append(", ");
+            }
+            values[i].getSQL(builder);
+        }
+        return builder.append(')');
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getTraceSQL() {
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("ROW (");
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                builder.append(", ");
+            }
+            Value v = values[i];
+            builder.append(v == null ? "null" : v.getTraceSQL());
+        }
+        return builder.append(')').toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getDisplaySize() {
+        long size = 0;
+        for (Value v : values) {
+            size += v.getDisplaySize();
+        }
+        return MathUtils.convertLongToInt(size);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (!(other instanceof ValueRow)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        ValueRow v = (ValueRow) other;
+        if (values == v.values) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        int len = values.length;
+        if (len != v.values.length) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            if (!values[i].equals(v.values[i])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMemory() {
+        int memory = 32;
+        for (Value v : values) {
+            memory += v.getMemory() + Constants.MEMORY_POINTER;
+        }
+        return memory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Value convertPrecision(long precision, boolean force) {
+        if (!force) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        int length = values.length;
+        Value[] newValues = new Value[length];
+        int i = 0;
+        boolean modified = false;
+        for (; i < length; i++) {
+            Value old = values[i];
+            Value v = old.convertPrecision(precision, true);
+            if (v != old) {
+                modified = true;
+            }
+            // empty byte arrays or strings have precision 0
+            // they count as precision 1 here
+            precision -= Math.max(1, v.getPrecision());
+            if (precision < 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            newValues[i] = v;
+        }
+        if (i < length) {
+            return get(Arrays.copyOf(newValues, i));
+        }
+        return modified ? get(newValues) : this;
+    }
+
+}

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/db/TestFullText.java

@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@ public class TestFullText extends TestDb {
         assertEquals("KEYS", rs.getMetaData().getColumnLabel(4));
         assertEquals("PUBLIC", rs.getString(1));
         assertEquals("TEST", rs.getString(2));
-        assertEquals("(ID)", rs.getString(3));
-        assertEquals("(1)", rs.getString(4));
+        assertEquals("[ID]", rs.getString(3));
+        assertEquals("[1]", rs.getString(4));
 
         rs = stat.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM FT_SEARCH('this', 0, 0)");
         assertFalse(rs.next());

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/jdbc/TestResultSet.java

@@ -1860,7 +1860,7 @@ public class TestResultSet extends TestDb {
         assertEquals(Types.NULL, array.getBaseType());
         assertEquals("NULL", array.getBaseTypeName());
 
-        assertTrue(array.toString().endsWith(": (11, 12)"));
+        assertTrue(array.toString().endsWith(": [11, 12]"));
 
         // free
         array.free();

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/TestScript.java

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public class TestScript extends TestDb {
 
         for (String s : new String[] { "array", "bigint", "binary", "blob",
                 "boolean", "char", "clob", "date", "decimal", decimal2, "double", "enum",
-                "geometry", "identity", "int", "interval", "other", "real", "smallint",
+                "geometry", "identity", "int", "interval", "other", "real", "row", "smallint",
                 "time", "timestamp-with-timezone", "timestamp", "tinyint",
                 "uuid", "varchar", "varchar-ignorecase" }) {
             testScript("datatypes/" + s + ".sql");

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/datatypes/array.sql

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ SELECT (10, 20, 30)[4];
 >> null
 
 SELECT ARRAY[];
->> ()
+>> []
 
 SELECT ARRAY[10];
->> (10)
+>> [10]
 
 SELECT ARRAY[10, 20, 30];
->> (10, 20, 30)
+>> [10, 20, 30]

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/datatypes/row.sql

+-- Copyright 2004-2018 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
+-- and the EPL 1.0 (http://h2database.com/html/license.html).
+-- Initial Developer: H2 Group
+--
+
+SELECT ROW (10);
+>> ROW (10)
+
+SELECT (10, 20, 30);
+>> ROW (10, 20, 30)

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/dml/error_reporting.sql

@@ -6,9 +6,15 @@
 CREATE TABLE test (id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR);
 > ok
 
-select * from test where id = (1, 2);
+select * from test where id = ARRAY [1, 2];
 > exception COMPARING_ARRAY_TO_SCALAR
 
+insert into test values (1, 't');
+> update count: 1
+
+select * from test where id = (1, 2);
+> exception COLUMN_COUNT_DOES_NOT_MATCH
+
 drop table test;
 > ok
 

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/functions/aggregate/histogram.sql

@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@
 SELECT HISTOGRAM(X), HISTOGRAM(DISTINCT X) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3), (1), (2), (NULL), (5) T(X);
 > HISTOGRAM(C1)                               HISTOGRAM(DISTINCT C1)
 > ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
-> ((null, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 1), (5, 1)) ((null, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 1))
+> [[null, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2], [3, 1], [5, 1]] [[null, 1], [1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 1], [5, 1]]
 > rows: 1
 
 SELECT HISTOGRAM(X) FILTER (WHERE X > 1), HISTOGRAM(DISTINCT X) FILTER (WHERE X > 1)
     FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3), (1), (2), (NULL), (5) T(X);
 > HISTOGRAM(C1) FILTER (WHERE (C1 > 1)) HISTOGRAM(DISTINCT C1) FILTER (WHERE (C1 > 1))
 > ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
-> ((2, 2), (3, 1), (5, 1))              ((2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 1))
+> [[2, 2], [3, 1], [5, 1]]              [[2, 1], [3, 1], [5, 1]]
 > rows: 1
 
 SELECT HISTOGRAM(X) FILTER (WHERE X > 0), HISTOGRAM(DISTINCT X) FILTER (WHERE X > 0)  FROM VALUES (0) T(X);
 > HISTOGRAM(C1) FILTER (WHERE (C1 > 0)) HISTOGRAM(DISTINCT C1) FILTER (WHERE (C1 > 0))
 > ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
-> ()                                    ()
+> []                                    []
 > rows: 1

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/functions/system/table.sql

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ drop table test;
 > ok
 
 explain select * from table(id int = (1, 2), name varchar=('Hello', 'World'));
->> SELECT TABLE.ID, TABLE.NAME FROM TABLE(ID INT=(1, 2), NAME VARCHAR=('Hello', 'World')) /* function */
+>> SELECT TABLE.ID, TABLE.NAME FROM TABLE(ID INT=ROW (1, 2), NAME VARCHAR=ROW ('Hello', 'World')) /* function */
 
 select * from table(id int=(1, 2), name varchar=('Hello', 'World')) x order by id;
 > ID NAME

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/functions/system/unnest.sql

@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1], ARRAY[2, 3, 4], ARRAY[5, 6]) WITH ORDINALITY;
 > rows: 3
 
 EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1]);
->> SELECT UNNEST.C1 FROM UNNEST((1,)) /* function */
+>> SELECT UNNEST.C1 FROM UNNEST(ARRAY [1]) /* function */
 
 EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1]) WITH ORDINALITY;
->> SELECT UNNEST.C1, UNNEST.NORD FROM UNNEST((1,)) WITH ORDINALITY /* function */
+>> SELECT UNNEST.C1, UNNEST.NORD FROM UNNEST(ARRAY [1]) WITH ORDINALITY /* function */
 
 SELECT 1 IN(UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3]));
 >> TRUE
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ INSERT INTO TEST VALUES (2, ARRAY[2, 4]), (3, ARRAY[2, 5]);
 SELECT A, B, A IN(UNNEST(B)) FROM TEST;
 > A B      A IN(UNNEST(B))
 > - ------ ---------------
-> 2 (2, 4) TRUE
-> 3 (2, 5) FALSE
+> 2 [2, 4] TRUE
+> 3 [2, 5] FALSE
 > rows: 2
 
 DROP TABLE TEST;

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/scripts/testScript.sql

@@ -366,14 +366,14 @@ explain select -cast(0 as real), -cast(0 as double);
 
 select () empty;
 > EMPTY
-> -----
-> ()
+> ------
+> ROW ()
 > rows: 1
 
 select (1,) one_element;
 > ONE_ELEMENT
 > -----------
-> (1)
+> ROW (1)
 > rows: 1
 
 select (1) one;
@@ -1401,9 +1401,9 @@ insert into test values(1, (1, 1)), (2, (1, 2)), (3, (1, 1, 1));
 select * from test order by data;
 > ID DATA
 > -- ---------
-> 1  (1, 1)
-> 3  (1, 1, 1)
-> 2  (1, 2)
+> 1  [1, 1]
+> 3  [1, 1, 1]
+> 2  [1, 2]
 > rows (ordered): 3
 
 drop table test;
@@ -2003,9 +2003,9 @@ drop table people, cars;
 > ok
 
 select (1, 2);
-> 1, 2
-> ------
-> (1, 2)
+> ROW (1, 2)
+> ----------
+> ROW (1, 2)
 > rows: 1
 
 create table array_test(x array);
@@ -2017,7 +2017,7 @@ insert into array_test values((1, 2, 3)), ((2, 3, 4));
 select * from array_test where x = (1, 2, 3);
 > X
 > ---------
-> (1, 2, 3)
+> [1, 2, 3]
 > rows: 1
 
 drop table array_test;
@@ -3177,7 +3177,7 @@ drop table test;
 call select 1.0/3.0*3.0, 100.0/2.0, -25.0/100.0, 0.0/3.0, 6.9/2.0, 0.72179425150347250912311550800000 / 5314251955.21;
 > SELECT 0.999999999999999999999999990, 50, -0.25, 0, 3.45, 1.35822361752313607260107721120531135706133161972E-10 FROM SYSTEM_RANGE(1, 1) /* PUBLIC.RANGE_INDEX */ /* scanCount: 2 */
 > -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> (0.999999999999999999999999990, 50, -0.25, 0, 3.45, 1.35822361752313607260107721120531135706133161972E-10)
+> ROW (0.999999999999999999999999990, 50, -0.25, 0, 3.45, 1.35822361752313607260107721120531135706133161972E-10)
 > rows: 1
 
 call (select x from dual where x is null);
@@ -3254,9 +3254,12 @@ select count(*) from test where id in ((select id from test));
 select count(*) from test where id = ((select id from test));
 > exception SCALAR_SUBQUERY_CONTAINS_MORE_THAN_ONE_ROW
 
-select count(*) from test where id = ((select id from test), 1);
+select count(*) from test where id = ARRAY [(select id from test), 1];
 > exception COMPARING_ARRAY_TO_SCALAR
 
+select count(*) from test where id = ((select id from test fetch first row only), 1);
+> exception COLUMN_COUNT_DOES_NOT_MATCH
+
 select (select id from test where 1=0) from test;
 > SELECT ID FROM PUBLIC.TEST /* PUBLIC.TEST.tableScan: FALSE */ WHERE FALSE
 > -------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -4315,8 +4318,8 @@ update test set (id, name)=(select id+1, name || 'Ho' from test t1 where test.id
 > update count: 2
 
 explain update test set (id, name)=(id+1, name || 'Hi');
-#+mvStore#>> UPDATE PUBLIC.TEST /* PUBLIC.TEST.tableScan */ SET ID = ARRAY_GET(((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 1), NAME = ARRAY_GET(((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 2)
-#-mvStore#>> UPDATE PUBLIC.TEST /* PUBLIC.PRIMARY_KEY_2 */ SET ID = ARRAY_GET(((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 1), NAME = ARRAY_GET(((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 2)
+#+mvStore#>> UPDATE PUBLIC.TEST /* PUBLIC.TEST.tableScan */ SET ID = ARRAY_GET(ROW ((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 1), NAME = ARRAY_GET(ROW ((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 2)
+#-mvStore#>> UPDATE PUBLIC.TEST /* PUBLIC.PRIMARY_KEY_2 */ SET ID = ARRAY_GET(ROW ((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 1), NAME = ARRAY_GET(ROW ((ID + 1), (NAME || 'Hi')), 2)
 
 explain update test set (id, name)=(select id+1, name || 'Ho' from test t1 where test.id=t1.id);
 #+mvStore#>> UPDATE PUBLIC.TEST /* PUBLIC.TEST.tableScan */ SET ID = ARRAY_GET((SELECT (ID + 1), (NAME || 'Ho') FROM PUBLIC.TEST T1 /* PUBLIC.PRIMARY_KEY_2: ID = TEST.ID */ WHERE TEST.ID = T1.ID), 1), NAME = ARRAY_GET((SELECT (ID + 1), (NAME || 'Ho') FROM PUBLIC.TEST T1 /* PUBLIC.PRIMARY_KEY_2: ID = TEST.ID */ WHERE TEST.ID = T1.ID), 2)

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/unit/TestValue.java

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ public class TestValue extends TestDb {
         assertEquals(5, v.convertPrecision(5, true).getPrecision());
         v = ValueArray.get(new Value[]{ValueString.get(""), ValueString.get("")});
         assertEquals(0, v.getPrecision());
-        assertEquals("('')", v.convertPrecision(1, true).toString());
+        assertEquals("['']", v.convertPrecision(1, true).toString());
 
         v = ValueBytes.get(spaces.getBytes());
         assertEquals(100, v.getPrecision());

h2/src/test/org/h2/test/unit/TestValueMemory.java

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import org.h2.value.ValueJavaObject;
 import org.h2.value.ValueLong;
 import org.h2.value.ValueNull;
 import org.h2.value.ValueResultSet;
+import org.h2.value.ValueRow;
 import org.h2.value.ValueShort;
 import org.h2.value.ValueString;
 import org.h2.value.ValueStringFixed;
@@ -208,14 +209,10 @@ public class TestValueMemory extends TestBase implements DataHandler {
             String s = randomString(len);
             return getLobStorage().createClob(new StringReader(s), len);
         }
-        case Value.ARRAY: {
-            int len = random.nextInt(20);
-            Value[] list = new Value[len];
-            for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
-                list[i] = create(Value.STRING);
-            }
-            return ValueArray.get(list);
-        }
+        case Value.ARRAY:
+            return ValueArray.get(createArray());
+        case Value.ROW:
+            return ValueRow.get(createArray());
         case Value.RESULT_SET:
             return ValueResultSet.get(new SimpleResult());
         case Value.JAVA_OBJECT:
@@ -254,6 +251,15 @@ public class TestValueMemory extends TestBase implements DataHandler {
         }
     }
 
+    private Value[] createArray() throws SQLException {
+        int len = random.nextInt(20);
+        Value[] list = new Value[len];
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+            list[i] = create(Value.STRING);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
     private byte[] randomBytes(int len) {
         byte[] data = new byte[len];
         if (random.nextBoolean()) {