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<h1>Tutorial</h1>
<a href="#tutorial_starting_h2_console">
Starting and Using the H2 Console</a><br />
<a href="#console_syntax">
Special H2 Console Syntax</a><br />
<a href="#console_settings">
Settings of the H2 Console</a><br />
<a href="#connecting_using_jdbc">
Connecting to a Database using JDBC</a><br />
<a href="#creating_new_databases">
Creating New Databases</a><br />
<a href="#using_server">
Using the Server</a><br />
<a href="#using_hibernate">
Using Hibernate</a><br />
<a href="#using_toplink">
Using TopLink and Glassfish</a><br />
<a href="#using_eclipselink">
Using EclipseLink</a><br />
<a href="#using_activemq">
Using Apache ActiveMQ</a><br />
<a href="#using_netbeans">
Using H2 within NetBeans</a><br />
<a href="#web_applications">
Using Databases in Web Applications</a><br />
<a href="#android">
Android</a><br />
<a href="#csv">
CSV (Comma Separated Values) Support</a><br />
<a href="#upgrade_backup_restore">
Upgrade, Backup, and Restore</a><br />
<a href="#command_line_tools">
Command Line Tools</a><br />
<a href="#shell_tool">
The Shell Tool</a><br />
<a href="#open_office">
Using OpenOffice Base</a><br />
<a href="#web_start">
Java Web Start / JNLP</a><br />
<a href="#connection_pool">
Using a Connection Pool</a><br />
<a href="#fulltext">
Fulltext Search</a><br />
<a href="#user_defined_variables">
User-Defined Variables</a><br />
<a href="#date_time">
Date and Time</a><br />
<a href="#spring">
Using Spring</a><br />
<a href="#jmx">
Java Management Extension (JMX)</a><br />
<h2 id="tutorial_starting_h2_console">Starting and Using the H2 Console</h2>
<p>
The H2 Console application lets you access a SQL database using a browser interface.
This can be a H2 database, or another database that supports the JDBC API.
</p>
<img src="images/console.png" alt="Web Browser - H2 Console Server - H2 Database" />
<p>
This is a client / server application, so both a server and a client (a browser) are required to run it.
</p><p>
Depending on your platform and environment, there are multiple ways to start the application:
</p>
<table class="main">
<tr><th>OS</th><th>Start</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows</td>
<td>
Click [Start], [All Programs], [H2], and [H2 Console (Command Line)]<br />
When using the Sun JDK 1.5, a window with the title 'H2 Console ' should appear.
When using the Sun JDK 1.6, an icon will be added to the system tray:
<img src="images/db-16.png" alt="H2 database icon" /><br />
If you don't get the window and the system tray icon,
then maybe Java is not installed correctly (in this case, try another way to start the application).
A browser window should open and point to the Login page at <code>http://localhost:8082</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows</td>
<td>
Open a file browser, navigate to <code>h2/bin</code>, and
double click on <code>h2.bat</code>.<br />
A console window appears. If there is a problem, you will see an error message
in this window. A browser window will open and point to the Login page
(URL: <code>http://localhost:8082</code>).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Any</td>
<td>
Double click on the <code>h2*.jar</code> file.
This only works if the <code>.jar</code> suffix is associated with java.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Any</td>
<td>
Open a console window, navigate to the directory <code>h2/bin</code> and type:
<pre>java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Server</pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Firewall</h3>
<p>
If you start the server, you may get a security warning from the firewall (if you have installed one).
If you don't want other computers in the network to access the application on your machine, you can
let the firewall block those connections. The connection from the local machine will still work.
Only if you want other computers to access the database on this computer, you need allow remote connections
in the firewall.
</p>
<p>
It has been reported that when using Kaspersky 7.0 with firewall, the H2 Console is very slow when
connecting over the IP address. A workaround is to connect using localhost, however this only works
on the local machine.
</p>
<p>
A small firewall is already built into the server: other computers may not connect to the server by default.
To change this, go to 'Preferences' and select 'Allow connections from other computers'.
</p>
<h3>Testing Java</h3>
<p>
To find out which version of Java is installed, open a command prompt and type:
</p>
<pre>
java -version
</pre>
<p>
If you get an error message, you may need to add the Java binary directory to the path environment variable.
</p>
<h3>Error Message 'Port may be in use'</h3>
<p>
You can only start one instance of the H2 Console,
otherwise you will get the following error message:
"The Web server could not be started. Possible cause: another server is already running...".
It is possible to start multiple console applications on the same computer (using different ports),
but this is usually not required as the console supports multiple concurrent connections.
</p>
<h3>Using another Port</h3>
<p>
If the port is in use by another application, you may want to start the H2 Console on a different port.
This can be done by changing the port in the file <code>.h2.server.properties</code>. This file is stored
in the user directory (for Windows, this is usually in <code>Documents and Settings/<username></code>).
The relevant entry is webPort.
</p>
<p>
If no port is specified for the TCP and PG servers, they will try to listen on the default port for the given service.
If the default port is already in use, a random port is used.
</p>
<h3>Connecting to the Server using a Browser</h3>
<p>
If the server started successfully, you can connect to it using a web browser.
JavaScript needs to be enabled.
If you started the server on the same computer as the browser, open the URL <code>http://localhost:8082</code>.
If you want to connect to the application from another computer, you need to provide the IP address of the server, for example:
<code>http://192.168.0.2:8082</code>.
If you enabled SSL on the server side, the URL needs to start with <code>https://</code>.
</p>
<h3>Multiple Concurrent Sessions</h3>
<p>
Multiple concurrent browser sessions are supported. As that the database objects reside on the server,
the amount of concurrent work is limited by the memory available to the server application.
</p>
<h3>Login</h3>
<p>
At the login page, you need to provide connection information to connect to a database.
Set the JDBC driver class of your database, the JDBC URL, user name and password.
If you are done, click [Connect].
</p><p>
You can save and reuse previously saved settings. The settings are stored in a properties file
(see <a href="#console_settings">Settings of the H2 Console</a>).
</p>
<h3>Error Messages</h3>
<p>
Error messages in are shown in red. You can show/hide the stack trace of the exception
by clicking on the message.
</p>
<h3>Adding Database Drivers</h3>
<p>
Additional database drivers to connect to other databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, HSQLDB,...)
can be registered by adding the Jar file location of the driver to the environment
variables <code>H2DRIVERS</code> or <code>CLASSPATH</code>.
Example (Windows): to add the database driver library
<code>C:\Programs\hsqldb\lib\hsqldb.jar</code>, set the environment variable
<code>H2DRIVERS</code> to
<code>C:\Programs\hsqldb\lib\hsqldb.jar</code>.
</p><p>
Multiple drivers can be set; each entry needs to be separated with a <code>;</code> (Windows)
or <code>:</code> (other operating systems).
Spaces in the path names are supported. The settings must not be quoted.
</p>
<h3>Using the H2 Console</h3>
<p>
The H2 Console application has three main panels: the toolbar on top, the tree on the left, and the query / result panel on the right.
The database objects (for example, tables) are listed on the left panel.
Type in a SQL command on the query panel and click 'Run'. The result of the command appears just below the command.
</p>
<h3>Inserting Table Names or Column Names</h3>
<p>
The table name and column names can be inserted in the script by clicking them in the tree.
If you click on a table while the query is empty, then <code>SELECT * FROM ...</code> is added as well.
While typing a query, the table that was used is automatically expanded in the tree.
For example if you type <code>SELECT * FROM TEST T WHERE T.</code> then the table TEST is automatically expanded in the tree.
</p>
<h3>Disconnecting and Stopping the Application</h3>
<p>
To log out of the database, click 'Disconnect' in the toolbar panel.
However, the server is still running and ready to accept new sessions.
</p><p>
To stop the server, right click on the system tray icon and select [Exit].
If you don't have the system tray icon,
navigate to [Preferences] and click [Shutdown],
press [Ctrl]+[C] in the console where the server was started (Windows),
or close the console window.
</p>
<h2 id="console_syntax">Special H2 Console Syntax</h2>
<p>
The H2 Console supports a few built-in commands.
Those are interpreted within the H2 Console, that means they work with any database.
They need to be at the beginning of a statement (before any remarks),
otherwise they are not parsed correctly. If in doubt, add ';' before the command.
</p>
<table class="main">
<tr>
<th>Command(s)</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@autocommit_true;<br />
@autocommit_false;
</td>
<td>
Enable or disable autocommit.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@cancel;
</td>
<td>
Cancel the currently running statement.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@columns null null TEST;<br />
@index_info null null TEST;<br />
@tables;<br />
@tables null null TEST;<br />
</td>
<td>
Call the corresponding DatabaseMetaData.get method.
Patterns are case sensitive (usually identifiers are uppercase).
For information about the parameters, see the Javadoc documentation.
Missing parameters at the end are set to null. The complete list of commands is:
<code>
@attributes @best_row_identifier @catalogs @columns
@column_privileges @cross_references @exported_keys
@imported_keys @index_info @primary_keys @procedures
@procedure_columns @schemas @super_tables @super_types
@tables @table_privileges @table_types @type_info @udts
@version_columns
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@edit select * from test;
</td>
<td>
Use an updatable result set.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@generated insert into test() values();
</td>
<td>
Show the result of <code>Statement.getGeneratedKeys()</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@history;
</td>
<td>
Show the command history.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@info;
</td>
<td>
Display the result of various <code>Connection</code> and <code>DatabaseMetaData</code> methods.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@list select * from test;
</td>
<td>
Show the result set in list format (each column on its own line, with row numbers).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@loop 1000 select ?, ?/*rnd*/;<br />
@loop 1000 @statement select ?;
</td>
<td>
Run the statement this many times.
Parameters (<code>?</code>) are set using a loop from 0 up to x - 1.
Random values are used for each <code>?/*rnd*/</code>.
A Statement object is used instead of a PreparedStatement if <code>@statement</code> is used.
Result sets are read until <code>ResultSet.next()</code> returns <code>false</code>.
Timing information is printed.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@maxrows 20;
</td>
<td>
Set the maximum number of rows to display.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@memory;
</td>
<td>
Show the used and free memory. This will call <code>System.gc()</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@meta select 1;
</td>
<td>
List the <code>ResultSetMetaData</code> after running the query.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@parameter_meta select ?;
</td>
<td>
Show the result of the <code>PreparedStatement.getParameterMetaData()</code> calls.
The statement is not executed.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@prof_start;<br />
call hash('SHA256', '', 1000000);<br />
@prof_stop;
</td>
<td>
Start / stop the built-in profiling tool.
The top 3 stack traces of the statement(s) between start and stop are listed
(if there are 3).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@prof_stop;<br />
@sleep 10;<br />
@prof_stop;
</td>
<td>
Sleep for a number of seconds. Used to profile a long running query or
operation that is running in another session (but in the same process).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="notranslate">
@transaction_isolation;<br />
@transaction_isolation 2;
</td>
<td>
Display (without parameters) or change
(with parameters 1, 2, 4, 8) the transaction isolation level.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="console_settings">Settings of the H2 Console</h2>
<p>
The settings of the H2 Console are stored in a configuration file
called <code>.h2.server.properties</code> in you user home directory.
For Windows installations, the user home directory is usually <code>C:\Documents and Settings\[username]</code>.
The configuration file contains the settings of the application and is automatically created when the H2 Console is first started.
</p>
<h2 id="connecting_using_jdbc">Connecting to a Database using JDBC</h2>
<p>
To connect to a database, a Java application first needs to load the database driver,
and then get a connection. A simple way to do that is using the following code:
</p>
<pre>
import java.sql.*;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] a)
throws Exception {
Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
Connection conn = DriverManager.
getConnection("jdbc:h2:~/test", "sa", "");
// add application code here
conn.close();
}
}
</pre>
<p>
This code first loads the driver (<code>Class.forName(...)</code>)
and then opens a connection (using <code>DriverManager.getConnection()</code>).
The driver name is <code>"org.h2.Driver"</code>.
The database URL always needs to start with <code>jdbc:h2:</code>
to be recognized by this database. The second parameter in the <code>getConnection()</code> call
is the user name (<code>sa</code> for System Administrator in this example). The third parameter is the password.
In this database, user names are not case sensitive, but passwords are.
</p>
<h2 id="creating_new_databases">Creating New Databases</h2>
<p>
By default, if the database specified in the URL does not yet exist, a new (empty)
database is created automatically. The user that created the database automatically becomes
the administrator of this database.
</p>
<p>
Auto-creating new database can be disabled, see
<a href="features.html#database_only_if_exists">Opening a Database Only if it Already Exists</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="using_server">Using the Server</h2>
<p>
H2 currently supports three server: a web server (for the H2 Console),
a TCP server (for client/server connections) and an PG server (for PostgreSQL clients).
Please note that only the web server supports browser connections.
The servers can be started in different ways, one is using the <code>Server</code> tool.
</p>
<h3>Starting the Server Tool from Command Line</h3>
<p>
To start the <code>Server</code> tool from the command line with the default settings, run:
</p>
<pre>
java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Server
</pre>
<p>
This will start the tool with the default options. To get the list of options and default values, run:
</p>
<pre>
java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Server -?
</pre>
<p>
There are options available to use other ports, and start or not start parts.
</p>
<h3>Connecting to the TCP Server</h3>
<p>
To remotely connect to a database using the TCP server, use the following driver and database URL:
</p>
<ul>
<li>JDBC driver class: <code>org.h2.Driver</code>
</li><li>Database URL: <code>jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/~/test</code>
</li></ul>
<p>
For details about the database URL, see also in Features.
Please note that you can't connection with a web browser to this URL.
You can only connect using a H2 client (over JDBC).
</p>
<h3>Starting the TCP Server within an Application</h3>
<p>
Servers can also be started and stopped from within an application. Sample code:
</p>
<pre>
import org.h2.tools.Server;
...
// start the TCP Server
Server server = Server.createTcpServer(args).start();
...
// stop the TCP Server
server.stop();
</pre>
<h3>Stopping a TCP Server from Another Process</h3>
<p>
The TCP server can be stopped from another process.
To stop the server from the command line, run:
</p>
<pre>
java org.h2.tools.Server -tcpShutdown tcp://localhost:9092
</pre>
<p>
To stop the server from a user application, use the following code:
</p>
<pre>
org.h2.tools.Server.shutdownTcpServer("tcp://localhost:9094");
</pre>
<p>
This function will only stop the TCP server.
If other server were started in the same process, they will continue to run.
To avoid recovery when the databases are opened the next time,
all connections to the databases should be closed before calling this method.
To stop a remote server, remote connections must be enabled on the server.
Shutting down a TCP server can be protected using the option <code>-tcpPassword</code>
(the same password must be used to start and stop the TCP server).
</p>
<h2 id="using_hibernate">Using Hibernate</h2>
<p>
This database supports Hibernate version 3.1 and newer. You can use the HSQLDB Dialect,
or the native H2 Dialect. Unfortunately the H2 Dialect included in some old versions of Hibernate was buggy.
A <a href="http://opensource.atlassian.com/projects/hibernate/browse/HHH-3401">patch
for Hibernate</a> has been submitted and is now applied.
You can rename it to <code>H2Dialect.java</code> and include this as a patch in your application,
or upgrade to a version of Hibernate where this is fixed.
</p>
<p>
When using Hibernate, try to use the <code>H2Dialect</code> if possible.
When using the <code>H2Dialect</code>,
compatibility modes such as <code>MODE=MySQL</code> are not supported.
When using such a compatibility mode, use the Hibernate dialect for the
corresponding database instead of the <code>H2Dialect</code>.
</p>
<h2 id="using_toplink">Using TopLink and Glassfish</h2>
<p>
To use H2 with Glassfish (or Sun AS), set the Datasource Classname to
<code>org.h2.jdbcx.JdbcDataSource</code>. You can set this in the GUI
at Application Server - Resources - JDBC - Connection Pools,
or by editing the file <code>sun-resources.xml</code>: at element
<code>jdbc-connection-pool</code>, set the attribute
<code>datasource-classname</code> to <code>org.h2.jdbcx.JdbcDataSource</code>.
</p>
<p>
The H2 database is compatible with HSQLDB and PostgreSQL.
To take advantage of H2 specific features, use the <code>H2Platform</code>.
The source code of this platform is included in H2 at
<code>src/tools/oracle/toplink/essentials/platform/database/DatabasePlatform.java.txt</code>.
You will need to copy this file to your application, and rename it to .java.
To enable it, change the following setting in persistence.xml:
</p>
<pre>
<property
name="toplink.target-database"
value="oracle.toplink.essentials.platform.database.H2Platform"/>
</pre>
<p>
In old versions of Glassfish, the property name is <code>toplink.platform.class.name</code>.
</p>
<p>
To use H2 within Glassfish, copy the h2*.jar to the directory <code>glassfish/glassfish/lib</code>.
</p>
<h2 id="using_eclipselink">Using EclipseLink</h2>
<p>
To use H2 in EclipseLink, use the platform class <code>org.eclipse.persistence.platform.database.H2Platform</code>.
If this platform is not available in your version of EclipseLink, you can use the OraclePlatform instead in many case.
See also <a href="http://wiki.eclipse.org/EclipseLink/Development/Incubator/Extensions/H2Platform">H2Platform</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="using_activemq">Using Apache ActiveMQ</h2>
<p>
When using H2 as the backend database for Apache ActiveMQ, please use the <code>TransactDatabaseLocker</code>
instead of the default locking mechanism. Otherwise the database file will grow without bounds. The problem is that the
default locking mechanism uses an uncommitted <code>UPDATE</code> transaction, which keeps the transaction log
from shrinking (causes the database file to grow). Instead of using an <code>UPDATE</code> statement, the <code>TransactDatabaseLocker</code> uses
<code>SELECT ... FOR UPDATE</code> which is not problematic.
To use it, change the ApacheMQ configuration element <code><jdbcPersistenceAdapter></code> element, property
<code>databaseLocker="org.apache.activemq.store.jdbc.adapter.TransactDatabaseLocker"</code>.
However, using the MVCC mode will again result in the same problem. Therefore, please do not use the MVCC mode in this case.
Another (more dangerous) solution is to set <code>useDatabaseLock</code> to false.
</p>
<h2 id="using_netbeans">Using H2 within NetBeans</h2>
<p>
The project <a href="http://kenai.com/projects/nbh2">H2 Database Engine Support For NetBeans</a>
allows you to start and stop the H2 server from within the IDE.
</p>
<h2 id="web_applications">Using Databases in Web Applications</h2>
<p>
There are multiple ways to access a database from within web
applications. Here are some examples if you use Tomcat or JBoss.
</p>
<h3>Embedded Mode</h3>
<p>
The (currently) simplest solution is to use the database in the
embedded mode, that means open a connection in your application when
it starts (a good solution is using a Servlet Listener, see below), or
when a session starts. A database can be accessed from multiple
sessions and applications at the same time, as long as they run in the
same process. Most Servlet Containers (for example Tomcat) are just
using one process, so this is not a problem (unless you run Tomcat in
clustered mode). Tomcat uses multiple threads and multiple
classloaders. If multiple applications access the same database at the
same time, you need to put the database jar in the <code>shared/lib</code> or
<code>server/lib</code> directory. It is a good idea to open the database when the
web application starts, and close it when the web application stops.
If using multiple applications, only one (any) of them needs to do
that. In the application, an idea is to use one connection per
Session, or even one connection per request (action). Those
connections should be closed after use if possible (but it's not that
bad if they don't get closed).
</p>
<h3>Server Mode</h3>
<p>
The server mode is similar, but it allows you to run the server in another process.
</p>
<h3>Using a Servlet Listener to Start and Stop a Database</h3>
<p>
Add the h2*.jar file to your web application, and
add the following snippet to your web.xml file (between the
<code>context-param</code> and the <code>filter</code> section):
</p>
<pre>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.h2.server.web.DbStarter</listener-class>
</listener>
</pre>
<p>
For details on how to access the database, see the file <code>DbStarter.java</code>.
By default this tool opens an embedded connection
using the database URL <code>jdbc:h2:~/test</code>,
user name <code>sa</code>, and password <code>sa</code>.
If you want to use this connection within your servlet, you can access as follows:
</p>
<pre>
Connection conn = getServletContext().getAttribute("connection");
</pre>
<p>
<code>DbStarter</code> can also start the TCP server, however this is disabled by default.
To enable it, use the parameter <code>db.tcpServer</code> in the file <code>web.xml</code>.
Here is the complete list of options.
These options need to be placed between the <code>description</code> tag
and the <code>listener</code> / <code>filter</code> tags:
</p>
<pre>
<context-param>
<param-name>db.url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:h2:~/test</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>db.user</param-name>
<param-value>sa</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>db.password</param-name>
<param-value>sa</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>db.tcpServer</param-name>
<param-value>-tcpAllowOthers</param-value>
</context-param>
</pre>
<p>
When the web application is stopped, the database connection will be closed automatically.
If the TCP server is started within the <code>DbStarter</code>, it will also be stopped automatically.
</p>
<h3>Using the H2 Console Servlet</h3>
<p>
The H2 Console is a standalone application and includes its own web server, but it can be
used as a servlet as well. To do that, include the the <code>h2*.jar</code> file in your application, and
add the following configuration to your <code>web.xml</code>:
</p>
<pre>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>H2Console</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.h2.server.web.WebServlet</servlet-class>
<!--
<init-param>
<param-name>webAllowOthers</param-name>
<param-value></param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>trace</param-name>
<param-value></param-value>
</init-param>
-->
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>H2Console</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/console/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</pre>
<p>
For details, see also <code>src/tools/WEB-INF/web.xml</code>.
</p>
<p>
To create a web application with just the H2 Console, run the following command:
</p>
<pre>
build warConsole
</pre>
<h2 id="android">Android</h2>
<p>
You can use this database on an Android device (using the Dalvik VM) instead of or in addition to SQLite.
So far, only very few tests and benchmarks were run, but it seems that performance is very similar to SQLite,
except for opening and closing a database, which is not yet optimized in H2
(H2 takes about 0.2 seconds, and SQLite about 0.02 seconds).
So far, only very few tests have been run, and everything seems to work as expected.
Fulltext search was not yet tested, however the native fulltext search should work.
</p>
<p>
Reasons to use H2 instead of SQLite are:
</p>
<ul><li>Full Unicode support including UPPER() and LOWER().
</li><li>Streaming API for BLOB and CLOB data.
</li><li>Fulltext search.
</li><li>Multiple connections.
</li><li>User defined functions and triggers.
</li><li>Database file encryption.
</li><li>Reading and writing CSV files (this feature can be used out side the database as well).
</li><li>Referential integrity and check constraints.
</li><li>Better data type and SQL support.
</li><li>In-memory databases, read-only databases, linked tables.
</li><li>Better compatibility with other databases which simplifies porting applications.
</li><li>Possibly better performance.
</li></ul>
<p>
Currently only the JDBC API is supported (it is planned to support the Android database API in future releases).
Both the regular H2 jar file and the smaller <code>h2small-*.jar</code> can be used.
To create the smaller jar file, run the command <code>./build.sh jarSmall</code> (Linux / Mac OS)
or <code>build.bat jarSmall</code> (Windows).
</p>
<p>
The database files needs to be stored in a place that is accessible for the application.
Example:
</p>
<pre>
String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/data/" +
"com.example.hello" +
"/data/hello" +
";FILE_LOCK=FS" +
";PAGE_SIZE=1024" +
";CACHE_SIZE=8192";
Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
...
</pre>
<p>
Limitations: Using a connection pool is currently not supported, because the required <code>javax.sql.</code> classes are not available on Android.
</p>
<h2 id="csv">CSV (Comma Separated Values) Support</h2>
<p>
The CSV file support can be used inside the database using the functions
<code>CSVREAD</code> and <code>CSVWRITE</code>,
or it can be used outside the database as a standalone tool.
</p>
<h3>Reading a CSV File from Within a Database</h3>
<p>
A CSV file can be read using the function <code>CSVREAD</code>. Example:
</p>
<pre>
SELECT * FROM CSVREAD('test.csv');
</pre>
<h3>Importing Data from a CSV File</h3>
<p>
A fast way to load or import data (sometimes called 'bulk load') from a CSV file is
to combine table creation with import.
Optionally, the column names and data types can be set when creating the table.
Another option is to use <code>INSERT INTO ... SELECT</code>.
</p>
<pre>
CREATE TABLE TEST AS SELECT * FROM CSVREAD('test.csv');
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))
AS SELECT * FROM CSVREAD('test.csv');
</pre>
<h3>Writing a CSV File from Within a Database</h3>
<p>
The built-in function <code>CSVWRITE</code> can be used to create a CSV file from a query.
Example:
</p>
<pre>
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT, NAME VARCHAR);
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello'), (2, 'World');
CALL CSVWRITE('test.csv', 'SELECT * FROM TEST');
</pre>
<h3>Writing a CSV File from a Java Application</h3>
<p>
The <code>Csv</code> tool can be used in a Java application even when not using a database at all.
Example:
</p>
<pre>
import java.sql.*;
import org.h2.tools.Csv;
import org.h2.tools.SimpleResultSet;
public class TestCsv {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
SimpleResultSet rs = new SimpleResultSet();
rs.addColumn("NAME", Types.VARCHAR, 255, 0);
rs.addColumn("EMAIL", Types.VARCHAR, 255, 0);
rs.addRow("Bob Meier", "bob.meier@abcde.abc");
rs.addRow("John Jones", "john.jones@abcde.abc");
Csv.getInstance().write("data/test.csv", rs, null);
}
}
</pre>
<h3>Reading a CSV File from a Java Application</h3>
<p>
It is possible to read a CSV file without opening a database.
Example:
</p>
<pre>
import java.sql.*;
import org.h2.tools.Csv;
public class TestCsv {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ResultSet rs = Csv.getInstance().
read("data/test.csv", null, null);
ResultSetMetaData meta = rs.getMetaData();
while (rs.next()) {
for (int i = 0; i < meta.getColumnCount(); i++) {
System.out.println(
meta.getColumnLabel(i + 1) + ": " +
rs.getString(i + 1));
}
System.out.println();
}
rs.close();
}
}
</pre>
<h2 id="upgrade_backup_restore">Upgrade, Backup, and Restore</h2>
<h3>Database Upgrade</h3>
<p>
The recommended way to upgrade from one version of the database engine to the next
version is to create a backup of the database (in the form of a SQL script) using the old engine,
and then execute the SQL script using the new engine.
</p>
<h3>Backup using the Script Tool</h3>
<p>
There are different ways to backup a database. For example, it is possible to copy the database files.
However, this is not recommended while the database is in use. Also, the database files are not human readable
and quite large. The recommended way to backup a database is to create a compressed SQL script file.
This can be done using the <code>Script</code> tool:
</p>
<pre>
java org.h2.tools.Script -url jdbc:h2:~/test -user sa -script test.zip -options compression zip
</pre>
<p>
It is also possible to use the SQL command <code>SCRIPT</code> to create the backup of the database.
For more information about the options, see the SQL command <code>SCRIPT</code>.
The backup can be done remotely, however the file will be created on the server side.
The built in FTP server could be used to retrieve the file from the server.
</p>
<h3>Restore from a Script</h3>
<p>
To restore a database from a SQL script file, you can use the <code>RunScript</code> tool:
</p>
<pre>
java org.h2.tools.RunScript -url jdbc:h2:~/test -user sa -script test.zip -options compression zip
</pre>
<p>
For more information about the options, see the SQL command <code>RUNSCRIPT</code>.
The restore can be done remotely, however the file needs to be on the server side.
The built in FTP server could be used to copy the file to the server.
It is also possible to use the SQL command <code>RUNSCRIPT</code> to execute a SQL script.
SQL script files may contain references to other script files, in the form of
<code>RUNSCRIPT</code> commands. However, when using the server mode, the references script files
need to be available on the server side.
</p>
<h3>Online Backup</h3>
<p>
The <code>BACKUP</code> SQL statement and the <code>Backup</code> tool both create a zip file
with all database files. However, the contents of this file are not human readable.
</p><p>
The resulting backup is transactionally consistent, meaning the consistency and atomicity rules apply.
</p>
<pre>
BACKUP TO 'backup.zip'
</pre>
<p>
The <code>Backup</code> tool (<code>org.h2.tools.Backup</code>) can not be used to create a online backup;
the database must not be in use while running this program.
</p>
<p>
Creating a backup by copying the database files while the database is running is not supported,
except if the file systems support creating snapshots. The problem is that it can't
be guaranteed that the data is copied in the right order.
</p>
<h2 id="command_line_tools">Command Line Tools</h2>
<p>
This database comes with a number of command line tools. To get more information about a tool,
start it with the parameter '-?', for example:
</p>
<pre>
java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Backup -?
</pre>
<p>
The command line tools are:
</p>
<ul><li><code>Backup</code> creates a backup of a database.
</li><li><code>ChangeFileEncryption</code> allows changing the file encryption password or algorithm of a database.
</li><li><code>Console</code> starts the browser based H2 Console.
</li><li><code>ConvertTraceFile</code> converts a .trace.db file to a Java application and SQL script.
</li><li><code>CreateCluster</code> creates a cluster from a standalone database.
</li><li><code>DeleteDbFiles</code> deletes all files belonging to a database.
</li><li><code>Recover</code> helps recovering a corrupted database.
</li><li><code>Restore</code> restores a backup of a database.
</li><li><code>RunScript</code> runs a SQL script against a database.
</li><li><code>Script</code> allows converting a database to a SQL script for backup or migration.
</li><li><code>Server</code> is used in the server mode to start a H2 server.
</li><li><code>Shell</code> is a command line database tool.
</li></ul>
<p>
The tools can also be called from an application by calling the main or another public method.
For details, see the Javadoc documentation.
</p>
<h2 id="shell_tool">The Shell Tool</h2>
<p>
The Shell tool is a simple interactive command line tool. To start it, type:
</p>
<pre>
java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Shell
</pre>
<p>
You will be asked for a database URL, JDBC driver, user name, and password.
The connection setting can also be set as command line parameters.
After connecting, you will get the list of options.
The built-in commands don't need to end with a semicolon, but
SQL statements are only executed if the line ends with a semicolon <code>;</code>.
This allows to enter multi-line statements:
</p>
<pre>
sql> select * from test
...> where id = 0;
</pre>
<p>
By default, results are printed as a table. For results with many column, consider using the list mode:
</p>
<pre>
sql> list
Result list mode is now on
sql> select * from test;
ID : 1
NAME: Hello
ID : 2
NAME: World
(2 rows, 0 ms)
</pre>
<h2 id="open_office">Using OpenOffice Base</h2>
<p>
OpenOffice.org Base supports database access over the JDBC API. To connect to a H2 database
using OpenOffice Base, you first need to add the JDBC driver to OpenOffice.
The steps to connect to a H2 database are:
</p>
<ul><li>Start OpenOffice Writer, go to [Tools], [Options]
</li><li>Make sure you have selected a Java runtime environment in OpenOffice.org / Java
</li><li>Click [Class Path...], [Add Archive...]
</li><li>Select your h2 jar file (location is up to you, could be wherever you choose)
</li><li>Click [OK] (as much as needed), stop OpenOffice (including the Quickstarter)
</li><li>Start OpenOffice Base
</li><li>Connect to an existing database; select [JDBC]; [Next]
</li><li>Example datasource URL: <code>jdbc:h2:~/test</code>
</li><li>JDBC driver class: <code>org.h2.Driver</code>
</li></ul>
<p>
Now you can access the database stored in the current users home directory.
</p>
<p>
To use H2 in NeoOffice (OpenOffice without X11):
</p>
<ul><li>In NeoOffice, go to [NeoOffice], [Preferences]
</li><li>Look for the page under [NeoOffice], [Java]
</li><li>Click [Class Path], [Add Archive...]
</li><li>Select your h2 jar file (location is up to you, could be wherever you choose)
</li><li>Click [OK] (as much as needed), restart NeoOffice.
</li></ul>
<p>
Now, when creating a new database using the "Database Wizard" :
</p>
<ul><li>Click [File], [New], [Database].
</li><li>Select [Connect to existing database] and the select [JDBC]. Click next.
</li><li>Example datasource URL: <code>jdbc:h2:~/test</code>
</li><li>JDBC driver class: <code>org.h2.Driver</code>
</li></ul>
<p>
Another solution to use H2 in NeoOffice is:
</p>
<ul><li>Package the h2 jar within an extension package
</li><li>Install it as a Java extension in NeoOffice
</li></ul>
<p>
This can be done by create it using the NetBeans OpenOffice plugin.
See also <a href="http://wiki.services.openoffice.org/wiki/Extensions_development_java">Extensions Development</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="web_start">Java Web Start / JNLP</h2>
<p>
When using Java Web Start / JNLP (Java Network Launch Protocol), permissions tags must be set in the .jnlp file,
and the application .jar file must be signed. Otherwise, when trying to write to the file system, the following
exception will occur: <code>java.security.AccessControlException</code>:
access denied (<code>java.io.FilePermission ... read</code>).
Example permission tags:
</p>
<pre>
<security>
<all-permissions/>
</security>
</pre>
<h2 id="connection_pool">Using a Connection Pool</h2>
<p>
For H2, opening a connection is fast if the database is already open.
Still, using a connection pool improves performance if you open and close connections a lot.
A simple connection pool is included in H2. It is based on the
<a href="http://www.source-code.biz/snippets/java/8.htm">Mini Connection Pool Manager</a>
from Christian d'Heureuse. There are other, more complex, open source connection pools available,
for example the <a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/commons/dbcp/">Apache Commons DBCP</a>.
For H2, it is about twice as faster to get a connection from the built-in connection pool than to get
one using <code>DriverManager.getConnection()</code>.The build-in connection pool is used as follows:
</p>
<pre>
import java.sql.*;
import org.h2.jdbcx.JdbcConnectionPool;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
JdbcConnectionPool cp = JdbcConnectionPool.create(
"jdbc:h2:~/test", "sa", "sa");
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
Connection conn = cp.getConnection();
conn.createStatement().execute(args[i]);
conn.close();
}
cp.dispose();
}
}
</pre>
<h2 id="fulltext">Fulltext Search</h2>
<p>
H2 includes two fulltext search implementations. One is using Apache Lucene,
and the other (the native implementation) stores the index data in special
tables in the database.
</p>
<h3>Using the Native Fulltext Search</h3>
<p>
To initialize, call:
</p>
<pre>
CREATE ALIAS IF NOT EXISTS FT_INIT FOR "org.h2.fulltext.FullText.init";
CALL FT_INIT();
</pre>
<p>
You need to initialize it in each database where you want to use it.
Afterwards, you can create a fulltext index for a table using:
</p>
<pre>
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR);
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello World');
CALL FT_CREATE_INDEX('PUBLIC', 'TEST', NULL);
</pre>
<p>
PUBLIC is the schema name, TEST is the table name. The list of column names (column separated) is optional,
in this case all columns are indexed. The index is updated in realtime.
To search the index, use the following query:
</p>
<pre>
SELECT * FROM FT_SEARCH('Hello', 0, 0);
</pre>
<p>
This will produce a result set that contains the query needed to retrieve the data:
</p>
<pre>
QUERY: "PUBLIC"."TEST" WHERE "ID"=1
</pre>
<p>
To get the raw data, use <code>FT_SEARCH_DATA('Hello', 0, 0);</code>.
The result contains the columns <code>SCHEMA</code> (the schema name),
<code>TABLE</code> (the table name),
<code>COLUMNS</code> (an array of column names), and
<code>KEYS</code> (an array of objects).
To join a table, use a join as in:
<code>SELECT T.* FROM FT_SEARCH_DATA('Hello', 0, 0) FT, TEST T
WHERE FT.TABLE='TEST' AND T.ID=FT.KEYS[0];</code>
</p>
<p>
You can also call the index from within a Java application:
</p>
<pre>
org.h2.fulltext.FullText.search(conn, text, limit, offset);
org.h2.fulltext.FullText.searchData(conn, text, limit, offset);
</pre>
<h3>Using the Lucene Fulltext Search</h3>
<p>
To use the Lucene full text search, you need the Lucene library in the classpath.
Currently Apache Lucene version 2.x is used by default for H2 version 1.2.x,
and Lucene version 3.x is used by default for H2 version 1.3.x.
How to do that depends on the application; if you use the H2 Console, you can add the Lucene
jar file to the environment variables <code>H2DRIVERS</code> or
<code>CLASSPATH</code>.
To initialize the Lucene fulltext search in a database, call:
</p>
<pre>
CREATE ALIAS IF NOT EXISTS FTL_INIT FOR "org.h2.fulltext.FullTextLucene.init";
CALL FTL_INIT();
</pre>
<p>
You need to initialize it in each database where you want to use it.
Afterwards, you can create a full text index for a table using:
</p>
<pre>
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR);
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello World');
CALL FTL_CREATE_INDEX('PUBLIC', 'TEST', NULL);
</pre>
<p>
PUBLIC is the schema name, TEST is the table name. The list of column names (column separated) is optional,
in this case all columns are indexed. The index is updated in realtime. To search the index,
use the following query:
</p>
<pre>
SELECT * FROM FTL_SEARCH('Hello', 0, 0);
</pre>
<p>
This will produce a result set that contains the query needed to retrieve the data:
</p>
<pre>
QUERY: "PUBLIC"."TEST" WHERE "ID"=1
</pre>
<p>
To get the raw data, use <code>FTL_SEARCH_DATA('Hello', 0, 0);</code>.
The result contains the columns <code>SCHEMA</code> (the schema name),
<code>TABLE</code> (the table name),
<code>COLUMNS</code> (an array of column names),
and <code>KEYS</code> (an array of objects). To join a table, use a join as in:
<code>SELECT T.* FROM FTL_SEARCH_DATA('Hello', 0, 0) FT, TEST T
WHERE FT.TABLE='TEST' AND T.ID=FT.KEYS[0];</code>
</p>
<p>
You can also call the index from within a Java application:
</p>
<pre>
org.h2.fulltext.FullTextLucene.search(conn, text, limit, offset);
org.h2.fulltext.FullTextLucene.searchData(conn, text, limit, offset);
</pre>
<p>
The Lucene fulltext search supports searching in specific column only.
Column names must be uppercase (except if the original columns are double quoted).
For column names starting with an underscore (_), another underscore needs to be added.
Example:
</p>
<pre>
CREATE ALIAS IF NOT EXISTS FTL_INIT FOR "org.h2.fulltext.FullTextLucene.init";
CALL FTL_INIT();
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS TEST;
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, FIRST_NAME VARCHAR, LAST_NAME VARCHAR);
CALL FTL_CREATE_INDEX('PUBLIC', 'TEST', NULL);
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'John', 'Wayne');
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(2, 'Elton', 'John');
SELECT * FROM FTL_SEARCH_DATA('John', 0, 0);
SELECT * FROM FTL_SEARCH_DATA('LAST_NAME:John', 0, 0);
CALL FTL_DROP_ALL();
</pre>
<h2 id="user_defined_variables">User-Defined Variables</h2>
<p>
This database supports user-defined variables. Variables start with <code>@</code> and can be used wherever
expressions or parameters are allowed. Variables are not persisted and session scoped, that means only visible
from within the session in which they are defined. A value is usually assigned using the SET command:
</p>
<pre>
SET @USER = 'Joe';
</pre>
<p>
The value can also be changed using the SET() method. This is useful in queries:
</p>
<pre>
SET @TOTAL = NULL;
SELECT X, SET(@TOTAL, IFNULL(@TOTAL, 1.) * X) F FROM SYSTEM_RANGE(1, 50);
</pre>
<p>
Variables that are not set evaluate to <code>NULL</code>.
The data type of a user-defined variable is the data type
of the value assigned to it, that means it is not necessary (or possible) to declare variable names before using them.
There are no restrictions on the assigned values; large objects (LOBs) are supported as well.
</p>
<h2 id="date_time">Date and Time</h2>
<p>
Date, time and timestamp values support ISO 8601 formatting, including time zone:
</p>
<pre>
CALL TIMESTAMP '2008-01-01 12:00:00+01:00';
</pre>
<p>
If the time zone is not set, the value is parsed using the current time zone setting of the system.
Date and time information is stored in H2 database files without time zone information.
If the database is opened using another system time zone, the date and time will be the same.
That means if you store the value '2000-01-01 12:00:00' in one time zone, then close the database
and open the database again in a different time zone, you will also get '2000-01-01 12:00:00'.
Please note that changing the time zone after the H2 driver is loaded is not supported.
</p>
<h2 id="spring">Using Spring</h2>
<p>
Use the following configuration to start and stop the H2 TCP server using the Spring Framework:
</p>
<pre>
<bean id = "org.h2.tools.Server"
class="org.h2.tools.Server"
factory-method="createTcpServer"
init-method="start"
destroy-method="stop">
<constructor-arg value="-tcp,-tcpAllowOthers,true,-tcpPort,8043" />
</bean>
</pre>
<p>
The <code>destroy-method</code> will help prevent exceptions on hot-redeployment or when restarting the server.
</p>
<h2 id="jmx">Java Management Extension (JMX)</h2>
<p>
Management over JMX is supported, but not enabled by default.
To enable JMX, append <code>;JMX=TRUE</code> to the database URL when opening the database.
Various tools support JMX, one such tool is the <code>jconsole</code>.
When opening the <code>jconsole</code>, connect to the process where the database is open
(when using the server mode, you need to connect to the server process). Then go to the <code>MBeans</code> section.
Under <code>org.h2</code> you will find one entry per database. The object name of the entry
is the database short name, plus the path (each colon is replaced with an underscore character).
</p>
<p>
The following attributes and operations are supported:
</p>
<ul><li><code>CacheSize</code>: the cache size currently in use in KB.
</li><li><code>CacheSizeMax</code> (read/write): the maximum cache size in KB.
</li><li><code>Exclusive</code>: whether this database is open in exclusive mode or not.
</li><li><code>FileReadCount</code>: the number of file read operations since the database was opened.
</li><li><code>FileSize</code>: the file size in KB.
</li><li><code>FileWriteCount</code>: the number of file write operations since the database was opened.
</li><li><code>FileWriteCountTotal</code>: the number of file write operations since the database was created.
</li><li><code>LogMode</code> (read/write): the current transaction log mode. See <code>SET LOG</code> for details.
</li><li><code>Mode</code>: the compatibility mode (<code>REGULAR</code> if no compatibility mode is used).
</li><li><code>MultiThreaded</code>: true if multi-threaded is enabled.
</li><li><code>Mvcc</code>: true if <code>MVCC</code> is enabled.
</li><li><code>ReadOnly</code>: true if the database is read-only.
</li><li><code>TraceLevel</code> (read/write): the file trace level.
</li><li><code>Version</code>: the database version in use.
</li><li><code>listSettings</code>: list the database settings.
</li><li><code>listSessions</code>: list the open sessions, including currently executing statement (if any) and locked tables (if any).
</li></ul>
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